Costs and benefits of migration

The world we atomic number 18 living is very dynamic and exhibits motley types of turn tailments for some(prenominal) plants and animals including humans. History insinuates that man right consider commensurate movements from one post to an opposite since its first existence. This movement from one locality to an new(prenominal) is referred to as migration. Human migration derriere be classified as permanent or semi-permanent depending on their reasons which whitethornbe voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary migration is generally practiced in search for a greener pasture and satisfaction of ones preferences.This includes utilization, climate, food supply, self information like grooming, religion and family. Involuntary migration, on the other hand, includes migration out-of-pocket to calamity, political conditions like when in war or in exile, slave trades or human trafficking and ethnic cleansing. (Boyd 2003) Refugees can in the end be immigrants. Based from Human Migrat ion Guide of the National Geographic Society, A refugee is a person who is residing outside the field of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. (2005) . The last quarter of 2005 registered an estimated 8. 4 million of refugees which is lowest since 1980 and quiesce exhibiting a decreasing charge per unit. The decreasing rate of refugee population may be attributed to the resilient solution like voluntary repatriation to their deliver hoidenish. (2005) This is similar to wretched voluntarily of the back to their place of origin called return migration and to seasonal migration wherein the immigrants move or migrate only for a period of cartridge holder for a certain purpose like farm role players.In the figure on a lower floor, studies showed that young adults comprised the well-nigh list of immigrants. This may be attributed to the extent of their activities a nd complex reasons like employment and self discipline. Majority of the groups involved in employment and self growing ar that of young adults. Consequently, this results to chain migration in which other family members or delineate group join the immigrant. Source http//www. soc. duke. edu/pmorgan/lectures/migration/slide6. html Human migration can be top classified to other types.Migration can be 1)internal which is within the body politic, demesne or continent or 2)international which crosses boundaries to other state of matter, state or continent. With the development of technology and globalization, international migration continues to increase over the past decades. The figure below shows the maturement of international immigrants over the four decades. In 1960, there were 76 million international migrants and increased to 191 million international migrants in 2006. It was tell that a relatively last migration rate is from 1985 to 1990.However, the trend reveals th at migration rate is suave growing exhibiting the dynamic activities brought about by the complex way of conduct today. Source join Nations World Migrant stock (2005) Notes The UN Population breakdown retroactively updates figures of population change, lets, and deaths. The net occurs of migrants by five socio-economic class intervals, which ar shown in the above table, be based on the 2004 rewrite Population Data and argon calculated as follows shed light on number of migrants = 5*(Population change Births + Deaths). Immigrants showed interest in moving to the places that ordain allow for them good living conditions.The join States topped in having the most number of immigrants amidst 1990 and 2005. plug-in 1 shows the top ten countries for net immigration. Table 1 Top ten countries for total immigration (2005) nation Net number of immigrants (millions) As per centage of total United States 38. 4 20. 2 Russian Federation 12. 1 6. 4 Germany 10. 1 5. 3 Ukraine 6. 8 3. 6 France 6. 5 3. 4 Saudi Arabia 6. 4 3. 3 Canada 6. 1 3. 2 India 5. 7 3. 0 UK 5. 4 2. 8 Spain 4. 8 2. 5 There be countries which collapse existing concrete immigration policies.The United States, Canada and Australia are examples of traditional countries of immigration which categorize immigrants by place of birth allowing opportunity of comparing more or less aspects qualitatively and quantitatively. These countries together with Sweden and Israel, welcome immigrants with laws and measures facilitating a long term and permanent settlement though in shimmy of Israel, they choose immigrants based on religion and culture. Socio-Political Costs and Benefits Human migration has taken a major participation in shaping and honing the present spot of the population.It allows the diffusion and combination of the structures, cultures, beliefs, ideas, principles, religion, and other traits which results to the modification of each others traits. (2005) Rejection of the integration, h owever, results to conflict that may cause decline of socio-cultural capital and values. The growing population and influx of immigrants faces ponder regarding complex issues. In Europe, there is a growing concern on how the immigrants affect their culture and national identity which comes with common language, heritage and ethnicity.(Cohen 2000) encourage queries become been raised whether or not to absorb the immigrants and allow them to move into in their national activities or to allow them to work their citizen without the thorough companionship of their culture and heritage. During elections, opposition to immigration is always an issue in nigh countries like Britain, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy and Sweden. (Cohen, 2000) Immigrants in some countries are subjects of distrusts and fear. Opposition to immigrants often use ups that immigrants have something to do with crimes and unemployment, if not low-wage jobs.Racial discrimination tends to set in which affects the ado ption of immigrants to the array sphere and if not properly accosted to by the governance will give negative effect to both the immigrants and the army terra firma. Consequently, immigration issues become the central topic for studies of different researchers and sociologists. There have been clamor that immigrants are linked with social crimes in the emcee countries. This was contradicted by some researchers who conducted tie in studies. Based on the studies in circumstantial Village conducted by the Harvard sociologist Robert J.Sampson, having high number of immigrants does not mean high number of crime. Though Little Village is silly, a relatively low incidence of violence is recorded. (Eval Press, 2006) This was come on supported by other researchers though commented that the next generations or children of poor immigrants may not be as optimistic as their parents and may have a negative assumption that they will not be given fair chance of fashioning a successful c harge and self development in the drove country. Migrant workers, on the other hand, have to embrace the low wage, high-risk jobs.In the host country, the corporations took advantage of the bit enabling them to lower the wages of the migrant workers. This is in effect resulted to the claim of the opposing party of migration that migrant workers cause the low wages that are prevailing. This conjugate with the issue of competition between the migrant workers and the native workers. In July 1, 2003, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Family limit into force the human right protection to migrant workers whether documented or undocumented and eliminate exploitations of immigrants.(Addy, p. 22) This protects the migrant workers from the increasing occupational health hazards they are facing despite of low wages and gives them access to trainings that will further develop their skills. (Addy, p. 22) Different countri es have their own immigration rules and laws relative to the rest of the country on certain issues. Population control, culture, tariff policies, health concerns, investing policies, agricultural policies are among others which mold the rules and laws of immigration.Implementation of the rules and laws of immigration to a fault considers the relationship with the country of origin of the immigrants. It is also noted the United Nations monitor and influences the countries in making their rules for the benefit of both parties as well as making their own study and recommendations. Though the immigrants and their families experience hard adjustments on each others absence, they are ease of the burden of poverty. The family members can now use the remittances for their needs such as foods, shelter, education, investments and even sophisticated telecommunication gadgets to make the migrant worker nearer.The community as well as the government will be eased by the lowering of unemployme nt and the cash in electric current diminishes poverty-related crimes. However, the government should augmentress the increasing rate of instinct run out as migration rate increases. The government should device a process to produce more professionals to augment the difference of the skilled and professional workers to migration. Economic costs and benefits Migration does not always coupled with growth unless it was given proper measures and economic restructuring (Appleyard 1992 Hammar et al. 1997Ghosh 1998). The major reason for migration is considered to be for economic purposes. History showed evidences that the immigrants and their descendants play an important role in the economic growth of the host countries. Developed countries which welcome immigrants become richer and richer. In addition to the openness of the immigrants to all types of work, they can also work to a lower place cheap labor that the natives will reject. This allows the old channeles such as textiles a nd garments to calm down exist adding to the income of the host country.Migration of skilled workers will further strengthen the skills and talents puddle of the country. These enhance their productiveness and economical gains. Simultaneous with the gain of brain and skills of the host country is the loss of the brain and skills of the country of origin which are a great deal the poor countries or the developing countries. This may bring brain drain or loss of the trained, educated and skilled individuals which will inhibit the development of the native country or country of origin.Dependence to foreign countries will be one of the consequences of this which will post negative effect on productivity and economy of the native country. Some researchers, however, regarded immigration to contribute to economic growth of the native country through the remittances that the immigrants send to their family. These remittances are the major extraction of foreign exchange in developing coun tries which alleviate the poverty line. tally to the International Migration Data, global remittances to developing countries worldwide are estimated at $204 million per year.(International migration data) The countries who registered the highest remittances are Mexico, India, Philippines, Egypt and Morocco. ( International migration data) This enormous value made the al-Qaeda countries considered their emigrants to have the major role in improving its economy. It contributed to the fluidity of cash flow and development of business sectors. Realization of the major participation of emigrants remittances made the sign government sets priority regarding the welfare of these workers.Researches showed that these remittances tend to be invested to the home country for housing, consumption, land, loan payment and savings and to business which the home government targets. (Addy, p. 16) Their families are well supported in establishing their own business in the country and given other p rivileges. The increasing value of remittances and the business established are expected to balance the effect of brain drain, the source country is experiencing. Individual, community and macro points of view on migration At the personal level, the immigrant faces a quandary on culture and environment.Furthermore, in the foreign land, he is also vulnerable to racial discrimination, exploitation and deportation. He is forced to embrace whatever is offered to him for a common good. Coping with these adaptations to host countrys norms and practices synchronous with physically adapting to climate and health conditions requires a great level of heartiness and determination. Absence of the family members also adds to the burden the immigrant is experiencing. brisk technologies of communication help in this endeavor which makes it easier to gain emotional stability.Both positive and negative effects do not limit to the individual alone. Whatever happens to the immigrant in the host co untry will definitely affect his family in the home country. Studies showed that the family is more touch on when the migrant worker is a woman for basically she is the homemaker and takes treat of the children. Nowadays, there is an increasing number of migrant women accounting for 48 per cent international migrants. Some effects radiates from the family to the community. The flow of income, for example can be manifested in the economics within the area.This will be radiated further to the home country reducing the poverty. They also contribute to development through investments, business or entrepreneurial activities and the return of newly developed skills and knowledge. The community of the host country, on the other hand, may initially be skeptical of pass judgment the immigrant. On their point of view, the immigrants can change and influence their economy and other values. A community which does not allow immigrants may be better-looking up the values, education, perhaps s pecialization and other benefits brought by the immigrants.What are the consequences of migration? The complexness of migration brings benefits and costs to both receiving (host) countries and the sending country (place of origin), and the immigrants and the natives. Every country or state deals immigration as a sensitive matter and go on certain laws and measures on immigration to provide more benefits to the majority. Integration of cultures, beliefs, skills, education and values are most likely to happen which is the gauge for the acceptance of the migrants.Migration produces both positive and negative effects for both the host country and home country and the immigrant and the natives. It is however aimed to be beneficial to the majority by implementing proper rules and laws regarding migration. Migration may weaken the home country of the migrants due to brain drain however, migration also alleviates the poverty during the period of their remittances. Unemployment will also m oderate which will eventually diminish also the poverty related crimes. favored emigrants invite and encourage others to join them.This results to chain immigration which doubles the rate of brain drain. This calls for the government to take a double time to produce skilled and professionals to compensate the loss due to emigration. Host countries make merry cheap labor and high productivity because of migrant workers. They are able to fill up the jobs rejected by the natives for a lower wage. This, in effect, further boosts their economy as they enhance their pool of skills and talents. In some developed countries, immigrants undergo strict screening for security and health reasons.Closing the doors for immigrants may sometimes result to illegal options which may not be a positive factor to both the host country and the immigrants. Developed countries with immigration policies tend to win the good relationship with the source countries and serves as a key to further trades. Hence , migrants can be considered as agents for development who strengthens the cooperation between the host and home countries. Is migration overall beneficial? After thorough analysis, migration can be assessed to give all around beneficial effects both to the host and home countries.This was further supported by a newly-released United Nations study which finds that international migration benefits not only the migrants and their family but also the host and home countries. This was disclosed by U. N. Secretary- global Kofi Annan in his speech to the 16th General Assembly, 88th meeting. He further commented that the study showed that some source countries like Malaysia and Thailand exhibits a significant economic growth making them attractive to the present migrants. In this era of globalization, migration will face new challenges and objectives.The benefits that the host countries and the home countries gain will optimistically double as the modern technology supports. suitable mana gement of migration programs will alleviate problems of the increasing immigrant population which will add to the productivity and economic growth of the host countries. Productive migrants sending remittances to the home countries accelerate poverty reduction and consequently gaining economic stability. REFERENCES Addy, David, Wijkstrom, Boris and Thouez, Colleen. Migrant Remittances Country of Origin Experience. International Migration Policy Programme.London. October 10 2003 Appleyard, R. T. 1992, International Migration and Development An undefendable Relationship, in International Migration, vol. 30, no. 3-4, pp. 251-266. Boyd, M. a. G. , Elizabeth. . (2003). Women and Migration Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory marching music 1 2003. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http//www. migrationinformation. org/Feature/display. cfm? id=106 Cohen, R. (2000). Papers Please Europes Love-Hate Affair With Foreigners New York Times. New York. Rozeff, M. S. (2005). Co mmunities, Immigration, and Decentralization. Retrieved March 3, 2007, from http//www. lewrockwell. com/rozeff/rozeff51. html.