Shareholder Activism Business

Sh arholder Activism BusinessThis account looks at the issue of shargo forthwithner activism from an Irish and International stance, in the context of use of chthonianstanding power system and bodied gradeance which acts as catalysts to this tonic phenomenon. This is d ane by t superstar at past and current published authorships that revolve some the subject matter. Theoretical concepts inside the business and finance literature be explained in relation to how representation system and in bodiedd regime be practised worldwide. Three countries namely, the OECD countries (European Union as ace whole entity), Ireland, and China, be assessed to identify how these concepts atomic number 18 served to see a relegate brainstorm into this novel business know as stockholder activism. Fin every(prenominal)y a critical review of matches and mismatches is used to comp be and contrast similarities between the divinatory concepts and the empirical evidence within the l iterature review that is gathered for this paper to identify whether this problem is a worldwide problem or it is at the growth stage of becoming a worldwide phenomenon.Chapter 1 The belief of componentholder ActivismShareholder activism has begun to play a division in reshaping the corporate brass in companies all across the globe. In industrialised or advanced countries, institutional investors or financial intermediaries service of process the function of sprightly stockholders. In general, shareowner activism has become one of the closely primary(prenominal) and exceedingly debated issues of the 21st century. The issue of shareholder activism (shareholder revolt against solicitude objectives) rump be said to get to arisen due to the recent collapse of huge worldwideistic organisations in theoretical terms it is known as corporal organisation. Now, Corporate memorial t adequatet refers to structures and processes for directly and ensureling companies. Collectiv ely, these constitute a adjust of rules that govern the kindreds among management, keep come with shareholders, and other mail serviceholders including consumers, creditors, employees, the general public, neighbouring people and suppliers. The rules of corporate presidential term drift to ensure that managers act in the surpass amours of their shareholders sort of than simply playing in their own interests or those of a majority shareholder. Good corporate governance can provide companies in emerging markets in particular, better access to outside capital by making them to a greater extent(prenominal) photogenic targets for portfolio investment. The shock absorber of recent corporate scandals, which has opened the debate as to the hardihood of corporate governance, has been felt all across the world and Ireland is no exception. domestic befriend scandals such as the fallout from the Inquiry into no-collection by trustworthy banks of applicable tax on deposit accou nts prompted a narrative on auditing standards which ultimately resulted in the Companies (Auditing and Accounting) Act (2003), essentially is Irelands Sarbanes- Oxley Act. Until relatively recently, mean age, there was scant entry with corporate governance and companies order which led to government committee report on the matter in 1997 and ultimately to the enactment of confederation police Enforcement Act, 2001. This Act established the Office of Director of Corporate Enforcement, which now has office for ensuring compliance with the Companies Acts (1963 -2003) in Ireland. This government body has significant powers of investigation and prosecution, which are universe exercised vigorously. In the European Union (OECD), although this had been a subject of legal opinion for over a decade, it was originally developed in response to a call by the OECD council conflux at ministerial level in 1998, to develop, in conjunction with national governments, other relevant internat ional organisations and the hugger-mugger sector, a clip of corporate governance standards and guidelines. Since the principles were agreed in 1999, they hold in builded the basis for corporate governance initiatives in both OECD and non-OECD countries alike. Accordingly, they form the basis of the corporate governance component of the World/IMF Reports on the nonification of Standards and Codes (ROSC). Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to annexress the issue of aligning management objectives with the objectives of shareholders and help identify why this has not been successful. I.e. this genesis has led to shareholder activism at annual general meetings, which management throw away found it very caustic to bear with within organisations all across the globe. The objective of this research paper is to first look at the genesis (beginnings) of this problem pertaining berth scheme and corporate governance with literalise to their relevance in satisfying shareho lder objectives. Secondly, to explain the current trend in relation to shareholder activism within organisations and to a fault how companies are preparing and dealing with this phenomenon at AGMs. I.e. The right study is granted to shareholders as to the accurate financial earnings and gains of the organisation which they were appointed to manage. This pull up stakes be looked at from an Irish and International perspective. Finally, a critical judgment of the validity of published worldly so far covering substance theory and corporate governance within organisations will be addressed.Chapter 2 Existing literary works ReviewThe wishing to understand and deal with shareholder activism is one that has come of recent due to the collapse of major international organisations nigh the world within the past decade. According to Grace (2004), in Ireland, the role of the institutional shareholder and the extent of their responsibilities as such, insofar as these differ from those o f individual shareholders, are governed by practice sooner than legislation. In addition, she adds that in Irish incorporated companies the overall management function vests in a jury of directors, although the directors may delegate functions to certain executives or committees of the card. there is no statutory limit on the material body of directors (hence wasting company funds on management) that can comprise a mesa, although limits may be impose in the Articles of Association. Current legislation (Companies Act 2003) in Ireland requires a minimum of two directors, both of whom must be natural persons and one of whom must be an Irish resident. Grace (2004) withal turn overs that the Articles of Association set out the requirements for the convening and holding of get on meetings, patch the corporate governance requirements for listed companies ensure that regular meetings are held. Written notice is usually required, including an docket and all relevant documents to be considered at the meeting. All minutes of board meetings must be kept in the register of minutes yet these are not generally available to shareholders, a major causal agency for shareholder activism. Daily et al.(2003) suggest that the overwhelmingly dominant theoretical perspective applied in corporate governance studies is agency theory. This serves as an account statement of how the public corporation could exist, given the assumption that managers are self-interested, and a context in which those managers do not bear the full wealth effectuate of their decisions. The theory responds to the observation 70 years ago of some of the call problems inherent in the separation of ownership and date. Daily metal. (2003) likewise add that in nearly all-modern governance research, governance mechanisms are conceptualised as deterrents to managerial self-interest. Corporate governance mechanisms provide shareholders some assurance that managers will sift to achieve outcomes that ar e in the shareholders interests. Shareholders have available both essential and external governance mechanisms to help bring the interests of managers in line with their own. They also contest that internal mechanisms include an effectively structured board, compensation contracts that advocate a shareholder orientation, and concentrated ownership holdings that lead to active supervise of executives. The market for corporate control serves as an external mechanism that is typically activated when internal mechanisms for controlling managerial opportunism have failed. Abelson (2001) debate with regard to the collapse of Enron, that what made the Enron case different is how sudden and concluding the companys fall was for its shareholders, i.e.it was the shareholders that lost out and not management, adding that how can someone (people on the board of directors in Enron) who cannot own stock in a company serve on its board. In Europe, the OECD principles of corporate governance ( 2004) state that corporate governance is one key element in improving frugal efficiency and growth as well as enhancing investor confidence. Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and observe performance are determined. Good corporate governance should provide decent incentives for the board and management to move objectives that are in the interests of the company and its shareholders and should despatch effective monitoring. In addition the OECD (2004),also argue that while a multiplicity of concomitantors affect the governance and decision making processes of firms, and are strategic to their long-run success, the principles focus on governance problems that result from the separation of ownership and control (agency theory). Howev er, this is not simply an issue of relationship between shareholders and management, although that is indeed the cardinal element. In some jurisdictions, governance issues also arise from the power of certain controlling shareholders over minority shareholders. In other countries, employees have key legal rights irrespective of their ownership rights. The OECD (2004) also suggests that corporate governance is change by the relationships among participants in the governance system. Controlling shareholders, which maybe individuals, family holdings, bloc alliances, or other corporations playing through a holding company or cross shareholdings, can significantly influence corporate behaviour. As owners of equity, institutional investors are increasingly demanding a voice in corporate governance in some markets. Individual shareholders usually do not undertake to exercise governance rights alone may be super come to about obtaining fair treatment from controlling shareholders an d management. Creditors according to the OECD (2004) play an important role in a number of governance systems and can serve as external monitors over corporate performance. Employees and other stakeholders play an important role in contributing to the semipermanent success and performance of the corporation, while governments establish the overall institutional and legal framework for corporate governance. The role of each of these participants, OECD (2004), and their interactions vary widely among OECD countries and among non-OECD countries well. Adding that these relationships are subject, in part, to law and canon and, in part, to voluntary adaptation and, most importantly, to market forces. Bebchuk (2003) also argue that in theory, if directors fail to serve shareholders, or if they appear to lack the qualities demand for doing so, shareholders have the power to replace them. This relates to a document presented to the securities exchange complaint in New York, considering t he improved rights of shareholders. Bebchuk (2003) also states that this shareholder power, in turn, provides officer directors with incentives to serve shareholders well, making directors accountable. He suggests that although shareholder power to replace directors is sibylline to be an important element of corporate governance system, its self-aggrandizingly a myth. Attempts to replace directors he states are extremely rare, even in firms that systematically underperform over a long period of time. By and large, directors nominate by the company run unopposed and their election is frankincense guaranteed. This varies from pastoral to democracy. Hamid (2005) argues with regard to the International Financial Corporation, which is part of the World Bank in relation to corporate governance models in China. It states that corporate governance is a new concept in China and most managers and boards remain incognizant of basic governance procedures, often confusing governance with general management. As a result, bridging the gap between rhetoric and reality is required. It adds that the offstage sector in China has clearly become the engine of growth, seemingly fling enormous investment opportunities. But the structures in place at private companies are often immature, reflecting the newness of the private sector. Most small and mid-sized enterprises in china run informally. They are family owned, they dont have checks and balances, and their financial report is not transparent. It goes on to argue that the state-owned enterprises on their way to becoming private enterprises suffer from a different set of governance problems. When these companies take on private ownership, they pass on the legacy of the state-dominated decision making regime. They often have complex and murky corporate ownership structures, overlapping new and traditional bodies of corporate control, and reporting practices that are focused on satisfying the information requirements of the authorities rather than the needs of investors. Stutchbury (2001) states that in Australia, when AMP handed down its 1999 results gifting a $1.2 billion abnormal loss from the GIO takeover, the AMP chairman was nowhere to be seen. He did not deem it necessary to front up to the cameras or to face media questioning to explain himself to shareholders. He left it to the relatively new CEO, who was required to dead bat the many weighty questions about the companys board, its relationship with top management, and the departure of its former CEO. These were questions, which the new CEO could not the right way answer. They had to be answered by the Chairman, if they were to be answered at all. This shows across mis get of rules and guidelines with regard to corporate governance. Although CSR has only become one of the most heated topics of the new millennium, its roots undoubtedly go back to some of the key philosophic debates over ethics, values, equity and equality, Smith(2003). However, the systematic treatment of business ethics has been neglect in most advanced economies, which directly relates to CSR. Hartley (1993), for example, suggests that the interests of a firm are factually best served by scrupulous attention to the public interest and by seeking a trusting relationship with the various stakeholders with which a firm is involved. In the process, society is also best served because the firm is compel to consider a whole range of competing objectives and to move away from activities, which are derived from short-term performance indicators. Hartley (1993) also adds that any philosophy or chassis of action that doesnt take the public interest into consideration is intolerable in todays society. Todays firms face more critical scrutiny from stakeholders and operate in a setting, which is becoming more regulatory and litigious. The Pensions and Investment Research Consultants (PIRC) (2000) in the UK, argue that the law should require all proxy vo tes are brought to bear on the business of a companys annual general meeting, which should encourage institutions to vote their proxies. Adding that they do not consider that abolishing the show of hands would act as a disincentive for small shareholders to attend and vote as they are cognizant of their lack of voting power under current UK law arrangements. The show of hands is largely symbolic. The PIRC (2000), also state that if the annual general meeting (AGM) is not made the focus of the decision making process, but yet one moment in the process, companies would be tempted to lobby shareholders after the AGM, frankincense undermining the value of the AGM. They emphasise that such a proposal gives companies an ability to beleaguer accountability to their shareholders. The OECD (2004) states that shareholders have access in a number of countries to the companys proxy materials, which are sent to shareholders, although some quantify subject to conditions to prevent abuse. The OE CD (2004) also states that co-operation among investors could also be used to manipulate markets prior to proxy voting, and to obtain control over a company without organism subject to any takeover regulations. For this reason, in some countries, the ability of institutional investors to co-operate on their voting outline is either limited or prohibited. Shareholder agreements may also be closely monitored. On the other hand although corporate governance or so the world varies with regard to successes and failure, Reuters(2004) stated that News Corp, one of the worlds largest media empires, had a proxy vote, in which more than 90 present voted in favour of the Chairmans visualise to reincorporate the organisation in the linked States, where it generates more than 75 present of its earnings. This can be seen as very good reaction from the shareholders of the company, in which corporate governance in this case has been a success.It is worthwhile noting that the adherence and pract ice of corporate governance to avoid shareholder activism does vary from country to country and so the rules, guidelines, regulations, and procedures governing this concept are subject to different interpretations in companies around the world.Chapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives On Agency Problem, Corporate affable Responsibility and Corporate GovernanceIt is often assumed that the role impinge between those who own firms(i.e., who want the firm to maximise the value of their stake in the business) and those who manage them (who want to maximise their own reward) will be detrimental to the pursuit of profit maximisation as an overriding objective. The importee of this separation of ownership and control and the potential problems it can cause is known as the agency problem. While, corporate governance deals with how an organisation establishes who it is there to serve, how this should be decided, and by whom. This relates to how managers deal with issues of ethics and corporate re sponsibility. The following is a minute elaboration of the agency problem and corporate governance with regard to the concepts acting as a catalyst that leads to shareholder activism.The Agency Problem ascendancy date arises where ownership is separated from management. The ownership of most larger companies is widely spread, while the day-to-day control of the business rests in the hands of a new managers who usually have a relatively small similitude of the total shares issued. This can give rise to what is termed managerialism, self-serving behaviour by managers at the shareholders expense. Examples of managerialism include pursuing more perquisites(splendid offices and company cars, etc.) and adopting low- guess survival strategies and satisficing behaviour. This conflict has been explored by Jensen and Mackling (1976), who developed a theory of the firm under agency arrangements. Managers are, in effect, agents forth shareholders and are required to act in their best intere sts. However, they have operational control of the business and the shareholders begin little information on whether the managers are acting in their best interests. A company can be viewed as simply a set of contracts, the most important of which is the contract between the firm and its shareholders. This contract describes the principal-agent relationship, where the shareholders are the principals and the management team the agents. An efficient agency contract allows full delegation of decision-making authority over use of invested capital to management without the risk of that authority being abused. However, left to themselves, managers cannot be expected to act in the shareholders best interests, but require appropriate incentives and controls to do so. Agency costs are the deviance between the return expected from an efficient agency contract and the actual return, given that managers may act more in their own interests than the interests of shareholders.Managing the agency problemTo attempt to deal with such agency problems, various incentives and controls have been recommended, all of which incur costs. Incentives frequently take the form of bonuses tied to shekels (profit-related pay) and share excerpts as part of a remuneration package scheme. Share options only have value when the actual share cost exceeds the option price managers are thereby encouraged to pursue policies that enhance long-term wealth-creation. In reality, the agency problem between investors and directors is more illusory than real for the following reasons The principal in the business relationship is the company rather than the shareholder and the directors set the priorities and goals forth business, not the shareholders. Because directors, in most firms, always own shares in their business they will benefit in the homogeneous(p) way as the ordinary shareholders from the activities of the firm.Chief executives in a number of large companies have recently come under fir e for their awfully high pay resulting from such schemes. decision maker compensation schemes, such as those outlined above, are imperfect, but useful, mechanisms for retaining able managers and encouraging them to pursue goals that win shareholder value. Another way of attempting to minimise the agency problem is by setting up and monitoring managers behaviour. Examples of these include Audited accounts of the company Management audits and surplus reporting requirements, and Restrictive covenants imposed by lenders, such as ceilings on the dividend payable or the maximum borrowings.To what extent does the agency theory problem invalidate the goal of maximising the value of the firm? In an efficient, highly competitive stock market, the share price is a fair comment of investors perceptions of the companys expected future performance. So agency problems in a large publicly quoted company will, before long, be reflected in a impose than expected share price. This could lead t o an internal response, the shareholders replacing the board of directors with others more committed to their goals, or an external response, the company being acquired by a better-performing company where shareholder interests are pursued more vigorously.Corporate tender ResponsibilityCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is now on the world(prenominal) policy docket, with the rifle 20 years having seen great strides forward inks. domestically and internationally governmental, business and other organisations are getting involved with CSR initiatives. This relates to the fact that independent legal entities such as award fund managers, institutional investors, private investors, green peace, and Christian churches are leading the way in attending annual general meetings of organisations, to ask tough and environmental questions concerning the conduct and performance of management within organisations. This has proved difficult to comprehend with in recent times for major organ isations such as the Shell, Financial Times(1997), facing its shareholders on the understanding of its ethical approach on human rights grounds in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. At the European and UK domestic levels, the European outfit in 2002adopted a new strategy on CSR, and in the same year the UK government published its second national CSR report. The UK government has now also appointed a minister for CSR. Internationally, organisations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have also taken the lead. Initiatives such as the UN Global Compact, theology promulgation on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning transnational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the OECD voluntary guidelines for multinational enterprises now dominate the corporate agenda, thus making CSR important for organisations of all kinds, lar ge and small alike Hopkins (2003). The way out of business ethics and responsible action on the corporate agenda is, however, more a function of the growing awareness of the social, political, and environmental impact of the modern industrial enterprise. Many of the shifts in political attitudes towards firms, for example, reflect serious abuse by specific companies and specific business leaders. The misappropriation of pension funds, repression of workers in the Third World, environmental incidents, and even the bribery and corruption associated with deals to gain large government contracts is all issues which have hit the headlines over the last few years. One of the major sticking points with regard to the rise in shareholder activism is the fact that corporate decisions are linked to a set of business ethics, and that by considering the structures and procedures which define the ethics of an organisation we ought to be able to say something about the prospects and preconditions for corporate performance. These various stakeholders, whom the firm must consider, are its customers, suppliers, values on which stakeholders requirement are based can be, in themselves, contradictory. The traditional way of resolving these issues is for the organisation to assume primacy over individuals, allowing it to pursue objectives dictated by senior management subject to financial constraints imposed by owners and lenders. The notion of public trust is also becoming more important. A clear measure of how far we have come towards a more responsive and responsible business climate is indicates by the fact that if a firm violates public trust, then it is likely to be surpassed by its competitors, who will be eager to please customers by addressing their wants more accurately. Moreover, while the overwhelming majority of business dealings arena-controversial, any abuses increasingly receive considerable publicity, harming the jut out of business. Once a companys image has bee n damaged, it often takes a long time to reverse that damage.In order to remain economically active, organisations need to learn from their mistakes or from those of other organisations. They need to take direction to avoid situations and actions that might harm their relationship with their various stakeholders. In the belabor of all cases, where an organisation faces a catastrophe, suddenly and without warning, its whole market image and business strategy can be destroyed. Examples of such events are increasingly commonplace. For example, in the case of Union Carbide, when one of its chemical plants in Bhopal, India leaked 40 tons of toxic chemicals, the event had (and continues to have) a profound effect on the reputation of that company. Although the company quickly rushed aid to the victims, it was bitterly condemned for complacency and the loose controls that permitted the accident to happen in the first place. Environmental considerations are only one of many issues, which might be included under the umbrella of business ethics. They nevertheless(prenominal) constitute an issue, which has grown in importance. As a result of them any accidents and growing environmental damage caused by organisations, there have been increasing demands from consumers for firms to operate more ethically in this area. The consumer movement has fundamentally shaped and contributed to the significant increase in legislation and regulation at all levels of government. This has been aimed at preventing abuses in the marketplace and in the environment and, therefore, environmental management strategies are increasingly commonplace in leading organisations around the world. To date, however, environmental considerations have not been given ample attention within the framework of business ethics, because dominant ideologies are being shaped more by short-term financial considerations than by the need to do business in a sustainable way. Ethics also vary internationally, due to cultural differences that exist across borders.The Corporate GovernanceIn recent years, there has been considerable concern in the UK and around the world about standards of corporate governance, the system by which companies are say and controlled. While, in company law, directors are obliged to act in the best interests of shareholders, there have been many instances of boardroom behaviour difficult to appease with this ideal. There have been numerous examples of spectacular collapses of companies, often the result of profligate debt financing in order to finance ill-advised takeovers, and sometimes fastened with fraud. Many companies have been criticised for the generosity with which they reward their leading executives. The procedures for remunerating executives have been less than transparent, and many compensation schemes involve payment by results in one direction alone. Many chief executives have been criticised for receiving pay increases several times greater than the increases awarded to less exalted staff. In the train of these corporate collapses and scandals, a number of committees have reported on the accountability of the board of directors to their stakeholders and risk management procedures. The principles of Good Governance and Code of Best Practice, which apply to all listed companies from 1999 onwards within the OECD countries, are mentioned below Directors and the BoardAn effective board is required to lead and control the company. It should have a balance of executive and non-executive directors no individual or group must dominate the board running the board and running the business are separate activities no individual has unfettered powers timely and quality information is given to the board clear procedures for appointments re-election at least every three years. Directors remuneration Executive remuneration is linked to corporate and individual performance directors are not involved in deciding their own remuneration. Relations with shareholders Encourage parley on objectives with institutional shareholders seams to communicate with shareholders and encourage participation. Accountability Reports influencing share price to give a balanced, understandable assessment of the companys position and prospects a earphone system of internal control to safeguard shareholders interests and company assets.Chapter 4 small Analysis of Theoretical Perspectives and the Empirical Evidence Gathered In The Literature ReviewThe critical outline in this chapter covers all aspects relating the theoretical perspectives of agency theory, corporate social responsibility and corporate governance from published books and articles. An analysis is made as to whether there is any consistency from the published material as far gathered and the already established theories. Due to the lack of time attached to this paper the empirical evidence used is one that has been covered in the literature review.One could say that the issue fr om shareholder activism from an international perspective is one that has come about of recent. Thesis find out by the new guidelines, which only came into effect in1999, within the OECD countries including Ireland, and in China, it is unflustered seen as a very new concept.The issue of agency theory with regard to the objectives of management and shareholders still varies from country to country. It can be

Polish Brewery Market Analysis

acculturation Brewery Market digestMARKET AND COMPETITION synopsisSh beholders, employees with their families and collaborators with their families benefit from the beer work. According to the labor estimates this branch and cooperating industries employs roughly 200 000 workers in Europe, and 600 000 is the number of employees who would like work for the brewing sedulousness in the future. Polish brewery merchandise place place employs about 15 000 pack, and argonas that cooperate with it fork out higher booking rate ( 56,2 thousand employees ). People be hired in HORECA and heap and almost 186,000 of them actualize a living by working for the breweries. This piddle aways 740,000 families tout ensemble that owe their monetary stability to this diligence.InvestorsAfter the f wholly of the communism in 1989 round off brewery market has been dominated by the multiple foreign investors. They k sensitive that this market has a potential, and needs money, technolo gy, and experience in society to be successful. At the beginning of the 90s consumption of the beer was not exceeding 30 litres per person per year. It was of a poor quality and the beer consumption culture did not equal the horse opera reality. This investment needed big money, and hence investors decided to st artwork the brewery business on the polish market from the scratch. For example SABMiller has spent almost 2 one thousand millions zloty ( PLN ) on the development of its four brands, and thus one of them, Tychy, became the largest in Europe.Brewpole, an Australian participation, was the first leading investor on the market. It created new action lines and introduced a new brand EB. Then it gained almost 16% of the market sh ars. However, later on it had to merge with the Zywiec Group ( because of some of its advertisement failures ). Finally, production scale and obedient merchandising were the most instantant issues that must have been attended. Big players were winning over smaller ones, and others were just closed down because were not profi put back. opposed investors have helped the polish brewery market by putting into it $ 1 billion and now it is the most modern in Europe. Almost 80% of the beer production is under their control. thus technology development in the brewery constancy has been influenced by them, and this has led to gain of the beer production amidst 1990-1997.Today polish brewery industry travels in the first place to the world(prenominal) corporations. They knew Poles be patriots, and so decided to take proceeds of this attitude. Tyskie, Okocim, Lech, Zywiec, Warka, Lomza and Strzelec sound polish, and thus are the most popular on this market in Poland. This shows that the foreign investors respect polish tradition and decided to coalesce it with their corporate global culture.ExternalclientsBeer is one of the most popular global products. According to the data men are a vast bulk when it comes to the bee r consumption ( 65%). In case of women, 45% of them does drink beer. 76% of the beer drink consumers are in the age be number 1 47, and whats interesting, 35% of people between 18-29 declare to be the loyal beer purchasers and its consumers. When it comes to frequency of the consumed beer, 47% of the consumers are between 30-65.Whats surprising, there is a huge difference in the culture of the beer consumers. People with the Masters degree and over make up unaccompanied 8% of the beer fans. Almost 26% of people with the basic direction belong to this crowd, 34% with the vocational education does drink beer, and 37% with the secondary education are loyal beer consumers.72% of the consumers usually drinks beer at home, 21% in pubs and the restaurants, and only 6% while enjoying the nature. They prefer light beer rather than dark. The power for his choice lays not only In the mouthful, hardly alike In its healthy properties. Light beer strengthens our bones, helps fight the ost eoporosis, and bone tissue disease, which leads to the multiple fractures. For the concluding 10 years Poles have been drinking beer to a greater extent than before. They treat beer as a substitute for wines and vodkas. According to the researches, 60% of the overall annual inebriantic drink consumption goes to beer, 10% to vodka, and only 10% to wine. Poles are patriots and thereof almost 98% of them chooses polish beer. unless when it comes to the quality of beer and its price, 45% definitely chooses German, Dutch or Czech products. . The price is usually too high In Poland, and thus the consumers are forced to buy the imported beers. However, the quality and taste of the beer are improved ein truth year, and therefore beer consumption increases by a few percent.SuppliersBrewery industry requires specific type of suppliers. This sector is supplied by the hop, and surface and blur packaging producers. Moreover, brewery industry emphasises also the printing plant serve.Br ewery industry is supplied with the hop by the foreign importers and domestic suppliers. More than a half of the imported hop is used in the beer production, and suppliers are usually Hungary and Czech Republic, from the agri-food branch. Breweries sign with them the hop supply contracts in order to avoid the abrupt price changes of the resource on the market.Domestic producers are the second grouping of the hop suppliers. They do not strongly influence the breweries, which then do not fell threatened by them. The reason for such(prenominal)(prenominal) slur is that there is a low duty and low prices that encourage the breweries to import rather than use the services offered by the domestic suppliers, which subsequently focus only the brewery with the best parameters.Next type of suppliers for the breweries are those who supply glass and/or metal packages. There is a strong competition, and each of them tries to make his offer more attractive for the customer than the others low price, good quality, and whitethornhap best parameters. Most of the producers have a very attractive offers, and thus the breweries feel free in the choice of the offers.Printing plant services are in the same mooring as glass and metal packages suppliers. Because of the strong competition on this market, they try to make their offers attractive as it is possible, and thus make the customer to choose them. Large breweries use primary(prenominal)ly the services offered by the bigger plants.PEST analysisPEST Analysis is a combination of parts of the environment, that are put together in order to be easily researched by the company. It considers influence of the politics on the market, economy, genial aspects, and technological development. Brewery industry challenges increase every beat when European countries start to join the European Union, for example Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic in 2004, and decide to co-operate with the non-European countries. There are many opportwho leies and limitations which breweries have to challenge.political sciences policies which consider alcohol sales include price regulations, sales limitations ( such as age, unsober customers, time when alcohol can be sold, place of selling and consumption ), and license for sale. Governments try to influence the price rivalry by limiting the advertisements or licensing the alcohol sales. They also increase prices in order to increase states revenues, and hamper increase of the consumption ( and alcoholism problems of the society ), especially among young people. Government wants to minimise the negative effects of the alcohol consumption, such as auto accidents or its overdose. Sales licensing helps control whether the alcohol companies adhere to the sales rules and afford taxes. State monopoly is the factor which does not apply to the brewery industry.Economic and social environments are the most favourable factors for the industrys development. There are different economic syst ems in the countries of operation, and therefore there needed different approaches. However, European Union rules are similar for all of its members common conduceress policy and rules of the export trade policy. Exchange policy is another issue to consider. There are unsounded some countries that havent changed their currency yet ( f.ex. Poland ). Effects of the global financial crisis in 2009 are still felt on the currency market, and therefore polish zloty varies every day. Labour be are on the employers (demand) side of the push back market framework. The average hourly labour cost in 2006 in the European Union was 20,35 Euro. However, there was a 20% increase in 2008 in Czech Republic, Russia, Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland and Lithuania. Year 2009 was economically dis favorous for every country, but the prognosis seem to be optimistic and look forward to improvements on the market. During the last years inflation has influenced gross domestic product growth rate, and the follow ing table shows how it was ever-changing between years 2006-2010.As we can conclude from this table, GDP growth rate varies every year by 0,1%, however, it declines until the year of the financial crisis in 2009, where it drastically fell down by 1%-2% ( -2,5% was the lowest and the worst moment ). Luckily GDP started to catch up on losses quickly in 2010, and seems to follow the statistics from year 2006. Financial crisis had also influenced the employment rate almost 34 mln people have bemused their jobs in Europe, and 212 mln all over the world. 13,4% of the young and 5,2% of the older people were among the unemployed. brotherly and cultural influences in business are different in all countries. The dominant godliness in the world is Christianity 33% of respondents claim they do believe in God, Islam 21%, Atheists 16%, Hinduism 14%. The following consider presents all known religions and their followers in percentage ( out of the total humanity )Brewery industry will no t find its potential consumers among Muslims, because their religion forbids them to drink any kind of alcohol.Older generation is usually very traditional and therefore sticks to the domestic products, that are proven and are in the main with the tradition. Young people perceive foreign products as unique and attractive, therefore they have positive attitude towards innovation and modernity of the foreign products and services. But in order to get their loyalty and trust brewery companies must consider the cultural and linguistic differences. Moreover, societys wealth influences the possible sale of the product. Western countries, such as France or Germany, unlike Poland, Lithuania or Estonia can afford high-ticket(prenominal) products, without violating much their budget ( for example German retirees going for a holidays foreign ).Modern technology plays also important role in the production. It helps make products cheaply and with a good quality. Foam of the beer is more stabl e, and the taste is more adapted to the consumers needs. Moreover, technology can be implemented in order to drive home the natural environment. Adnams, the British brewery, has invested in such a technology, without influencing negatively the nature and taste of its ecological product East Green. During the brewing butt offset minimises CO2 emission to zero.Porters 5 forcesThis method helps analyse the sector by researching factors that make it attractive for the current and potential investors. There are four entry barriers in the brewery industry scale of economy, no ingress to the distribution channel, lack of the capital letter, differentiation of products, and the state policy. Technology used by the brewery companies and their developed production allow them produce at the lowest building block costs. However, company which decides to enter the market cannot produce at a unit cost that is lower than the market price. Next problem company must challenge is lack of the di stribution channels. Market belongs to the brewery corporations, and thus the new rival has look for the other distributors. More over, it has also to invest in the beer producing technology, for the marketing and promotion, market research, and acquisition of the raw material. Whats more, government policy counters by the social insobriety ( anti alcohol legislation ), therefore alcohol sales are impeded. Last barrier is the product differentiation. Some brands, such as Heineken or Lomza have achieved high positions on the brewery market, and thus the new competition may have problems with gaining trust and loyalty of its target group.Bargaining power of suppliers in the beer market has been strongly influenced by the reduce of the aluminium costs control, and therefore this has led to the increase of the packaging materials costs. In order to avoid creation dependent on these materials some breweries started to run recycling programmes.Brewery target group are the beer consumers. They choose whether they want to buy the product or not, and therefore influence sales of the company. Thus breweries care about the quality of their products, packaging, add some gadgets, and consider the way the product is served to the customer. He has a commodious range of beers to choose and is given an information about each of them. Therefore he can choose the brand that mostly fits his taste. The functioning of the company depends largely on his beer choice.There are no substitutes for the beer, because there are no substitutes for hop. Brewery industry is very specific, because new products from this area are seldom launched to the market. However, they dont influence the beers consumption. Even non-alcohol beers havent increased its volume sales.Competition within the brewery industry is very active. Success of the brewery companies depend on the good advertisement, economies of scale benefits, costs minimisation and attractive packaging. Leaders on the global beer marke t are Heineken and Carlsberg. Smaller breweries try to reach their position and claim to have 40% increase in sales, and therefore bigger corporation try to save their position by comparing their successes to the weaker competition. Smaller players on the market increase their shares by selling the low quality products, and thus encourage potential investor to take over the brewery. Breweries try to reach their customers by selling them cheaper products. Customer looking at the low price resigns from the quality. Middle breweries dominate the segments with the low price products. Bigger corporations promote their brands by investing big capital in the marketing and promotion campaigns. Smaller companies cant afford such a big investment, and thus they just encourage and motivate their salesmen to be more effective.SWOT analysisBrewery industry is one of the most develop industries in the world. Its internal ( strengths, weaknesses ) and external ( opportunities, threats ) factors c an be audited by development the strategic environment analysis called SWOT analysis. It is presented belowAll these factors appertain individually to each of the companies operating in the brewery industry. Strengths shown in the table are their resources and capabilities that are used in order to develop their competitive advantage on the market ( Garbarski et al, 2000 ). There will be always a high demand for beer, and developed technology will be the stress for the products improvement and making it more attractive for the customers. This creates a relationship between both, product and its consumer.Strengths prevail over the weaknesses, however they strongly influence the market operations of the companies. High advertising costs are a main financial burden for the smaller and medium players. Moreover, because of the low budget they have to deal with the narrow product line, and thus the weak and slow distribution. However, If the industry considers its opportunities that ap pear during the analysis of the environment, it may observe some growth and scram more profits. Demographic increase and smaller range of age for drinking alcohol help reach a wider range of customers. However, tax increases, changing customers tastes, or anti-alcohol campaigns may threaten actions taken to improve the financial situation within the industry.INTERNET WEBSITEShttp//www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/user-guidance/lm-guide/concepts/costs/index.htmlhttp//ecodzien.pl/2010/01/07/najbardziej-ekologiczne-piwo-swiata/http//unia.realnet.pl/panstwa_czlonkowskie.phphttp//wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,101562,7526063,Przez_kryzys_34_mln_ludzi_stracilo_prace.htmlhttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=EUR ).http//www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/nauka/jasne-piwo-zdrowe-dla-kosci,53372,1inwestor.msp.gov.pl/download.php?s=4id=4146http//agro.e-bmp.pl/index.php?art=1742

Does Crime And Violence Affect The Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

Does villainy And furiousness Affect The touristry Industry Tourism EssayThis mathematical group assignment lead argue the touch of law-breaking and delirium on the touristry industry in Jamaica using statistical data such as graphs, charts and figures to support our actual findings. The purpose of this report is to show whether discourtesy and violence will collide with Jamaica potential investments in the next future or in the present, too if this factor affects the unlike sectors of tourism which include entertainment, sports, health, and food amongst others. These facts and statistics atomic number 18 interpreted from a variety of sites, which include the Gleaner, Statinja and other sites aroused in the consultation of the report.What is shame and Violence?thither argon many definitions for both disgust and Violence. What is abuse? Crime is a injuryful action, omission or an performance considered to be evil shameful or wrong which is against a mortal or a country. It is withal an illegal act which or burn be punished by law.What is Violence? Violence is a behavior that involves the use of physical force which unlawfully exercised towards property and or persons, situations bid these whitethorn cause determinations which may lend to the killing or hurting of someone.What is Tourism?Tourism is an activity which an individual or a group of individuals, that leads to the movement from one place to another within a country, or from one country to another. This happens due to the performing of specific tasks or the knowingness that the particular place turn out to offer like its civilization and refining and also the summation of knowledge ab let on the country and its culture and history.The different types of Crime and ViolenceWhen it lights on to Crime and Violence there ar many different types because every day there is something new that doesnt f solely under the previous types of crime and violence.Lets starts off with t he different types of Crime. There are many but barely to name a fewCrime against Persons -includes rape, robbery and murder etc.Crime against Property- this is self-explanatory, theft of home without harm such as body burglary larceny and etc.Crime against Morality- may include illegal gambling, illegal use of drugs.White-Collar Crime- committed by people in postgraduate social status against people of the analogous status like embezzling (stealing money from employees)The type of ViolencePhysical Violence- is the intention with the use of physical force which in the ended injury, harm, death or even disability may occur. internal Violence- takes place without consent or understanding.Psychological/Emotion Violence- may involve trauma of a victim cause by threats of acts.Domestic Violence- is this self-explanatory violence within the home, family or between spouses. attributes of Tourism and if Crime and Violence has an Impact on themThere are a lot of different types of touris m in Jamaica, just to name a few we haveEco tourism/ NatureSports heritage/ CulturalAdventureLeisureBusinessThe ones that crime and violence will well-nigh likely to affect is Adventure tourism and Leisure tourism.Visitors who come here for adventure are more(prenominal) likely to go out on their own without any form of trained tour guide, onerous to learn most the country and its history and some periods fall fertilize to those out there looking for trouble and trying to cause difficulty for other people.The ones, who come for leisure, relax and party. Especially when they go out o party they might hook up with people that they dont know, just wanting to have a good time and end up universe robbed or taken advantage of or worst.Does Crime and Violence have an Impact on the Tourism Industry?Tourism in Jamaica is seen as the primary foreign exchange industry. This industry has a few disconfirming tints attached to it, such as theft, murder, abstracts, harassment amongst ot hers. Since the zero(prenominal)man Manley International drome is a form of entrance and exit point for visitors and it is turn up near some of the volatile areas of capital of Jamaica such as Bull Bay, thrill fort and others it puts them at risk for violence to be perpetrated against them. According to the Jamaica 2012 crime and safety report, these are the following set of crime and violence that impact tourism, they includeTheft (robbery -jewellery, money, credit cards etc)MurderRape/ Sexual ViolenceFraud (Lottery kidnap, credit card fraud)ExtortionKidnappingHarassment (Craft Vendors, driveway Sellers or Rent-A-Dreads)The report states that there is no evidentiary support that criminals are tar becharming U.S. citizens directly, but it further states that skimming which is a type of fraud is sightly popular among the Jamaican employees in restaurants, hotels, resorts and villas. These persons are capturing visitors credit card information and utilizing it for their benefit by stealing money out of the visitors accounts. The report also states that tourists are becoming a target for pick pocketing and petty hard currency crimes. To support these findings, below is table and graph to illustrate.Table wake crimes describe over the last seven classs against U.S. citizensType of CrimesReported amount of moneyMurders7Rape/ Sexual break12Aggravated Assault9Robbery37Kidnapping1Domestic Violence5Child Abuse3Also, the report states that the hotels and resorts employees have brought familiar violence towards the visitors in a number of hotels not named which are located on the north beach. On the other hand lottery scam as become prevalent on the Jamaican north coast (Mo alcove, Trelawney and Hanover) concerning the U.S. citizens. The criminals set up legitimate companies to defraud these Americans, the criminal element induce these persons to send large amount of money to specific account or fraudulent name here in Jamaica. They do this by sexual int ercourse them that they either won some bogus prize or a all expensive paid trip to Jamaica. This resulted in the closing of dress remittent service areas which further cause a decrease in remittance in those areas.However these problems are been recognized by the government of Jamaica and they are taken steps to prevent these crimes from happening. These steps include more policing by foot and bicycle patrols in cruise ports and tourist areas, also an upgrade in training on how to deal with these types of crimes. For example the state has taken serious measures to clamp down on the lottery scam on the north coast there has been numerous arrest and seizures of high end vehicles over the past year. Therefore, all of these factors mentioned above prove that crime has an impact on Jamaicas tourism industry.Facts and figures derived from the Jamaican Constabulary Force about the latest crime figures in Jamaica.J.C.F. latest homicides figures of 2012 January-FebruaryType of CrimePlaces /ParishesNo. of DeathsMurdersSt. Catherine North (Spanish Town, Bog Walk)25St. Catherine South (Portmore, Old Harbour, Central Village)13St. James22Clarendon13St. Andrew South10NB a comparison of murders/ homicide cases for 2011 and 2012In the period of February 11, 2011 murder cases stood at 114 compared to the same time period for 2012 it has risen to 137.J.C.F statistics show there was 536 murders between January 1 and June 23 of 2012, 32 more than last year.Statistics for the hot spot parishes of Jamaica according to the Gleaner password paper and the Jamaica Constabulary ForceHanover 22 murders, a 267 per cent increase when compared to last yearSt. James with the lottery scam 79 murders, the highest of all 19 divisionsKingston Central 117 per cent increase when compared to last yearSt. Andrew North 76 per cent increase compared to last yearKingston Eastern 42 per cent increases compared to last yearSt. Andrew Central 33 per cent compared to last yearOther graphs to show that cr ime has an impact on the tourism industry in JamaicaBarchart showingtotal number ofdrugcrimesbetween1995 to1999http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQePxuzlRIHxO6746D_DvaHX9KrcVMO4XNuadeDVdZ8tN5yXnsdUACrimes committed over the Period of 2003 to 2012 in Jamaicas North Coast AreaMontego BayYearType of Crime2003Murder200420052006200720082009201020112012 trope 1 Table showing the crime figures from 2003 to 2012 for Montego bayTrelawneyYearType of Crimes2012Carnal AbuseRapesShootingRobberiesLarcenyFig 2 Graph showing crime figures for Trelawney in 2012St. AnnYearType of Crimes2010MurdersRapesShootingLarcenyRecommendations to Improve Crime and Violence in Jamaica tourism Industry1. Develop special legislation to address acts of terrorism.2. The political leaders in the country must recommit to a set of determine and a code of conduct consistent with the vision of a safe, nonbelligerent and prosperous Jamaica so that tourist can feel safe.3. To encourage visitors not to wonder into unkn own territories unless they are being accompanied by a tour guide or someone recommended by the hotel or by the JTB.4. When travelling to other areas in Jamaica it is better to drive or get a shuttle than walk on the road so that they routine be harassed by some of the locals.5. Since 1956 the tourist industry has been adjust by the Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB) which greeted tourists, provided courtesy police, trained workers to attend keep our visitors safe and happy and from being harassed. Most harassment cauline from frequent peddling of goods to tourists, at times incessantly this peddling most likely reflected the high unemployment rates. Tourists were also approached to purchase drugs, primarily marijuana, colloquially called ganja. deductionIt has been concluded that crime and violence has its tool on tourism. Due to the crime and violence such as scamming, theft etc. But it lifelessness hasnt stop visitor from to Jamaica, because at the end day crime and violence happen all over the world but its just up to the government to control the crime rate. Hence the crime and violence will have a lesser impact on tourism.

Understanding Company Law

Understanding Company justiceIn the present day situation it is the general objective of corporate justnessmuch the same as some other augmentation of natural lawis likely to serve the interest of society by and large and guaranteeing a reasonable treatment of any situation that may emerge in this respect including diametrical gatherings that sh ared in the working of any company. more(prenominal)(prenominal) particularly, the trump out possible destination of corporate law is to improve the totality welfare of all who are affected by an make-ups activities, including the validations shareholders, laborers, suppliers, and customers, and also outsiders, for instance, close-by gatherings and communities which assume an essential part in making the halal set up for the smooth running of the business on a lower floor consideration. This is the issue that economists would depict as the journey for general social benefit. It is often express that the destinations of corporat e law should be narrower. Particularly, it is on occasion said that the jog piece of corporate law is just to ensure that the association serves the best point of interest of its shareholders or, more especially, to open up budgetary returns to shareholders or, more especially still, to extend the current business comprise of corporate share.In the given Case, Jeb is Henrys sibling, who was given 2% of the shares in Farming Solnsplc, by Henry. Jeb is a non-official chief of the placement, But Jeb sets up an organization, with, Joseph, called Wiltshire Parts. This new organization is to give duplication parts to this second hand hardware. He accepts that in light of the incident that he has data in regards to where the hardware is generally sold, he has a readymade client base.The rights any shareholder has in any specific organization for the most part rely on upon the provisions of the Companies Act 2006, the organizations articles of affiliation, the damage of issue of the sh ares (which are normally in the articles, however once in a while are in a determination) and any shareholders savvy Concocting the right share capital structure is a complex dish up in the realms of any business. Organization Law Solutions Limited gives a cover advice to setting up diverse classes of shares, drafting articles of affiliation and shareholders understandings. The general circumstance is that in exchange for putting resources into an organization a shareholder gets a heap of rights in the organization which may differ as per the mien of shares obtained. Most organizations just sire one class of shares (conventional shares) however the law in the UK is to a great degree adaptable and permits any classes of shares to be made. This is carried out by setting out the distinctive rights connected to the different classes (typically in the organizations articles). Henry should know, what rights are appended to the diverse classes of shares is basically a issuance for th e organization to focus.In case of the case study at hand, Herny should be understood that the directors go about as operators of their company. They have nonable duties, which are to the organization itself, however not to its shareholders, its representatives or any individual outer(prenominal) to the organization, for example, the general public. Although an organization is a legitimate individual in law, it is not human. Since the relationship in the middle of executives and the organization is by extremely nonpersonal nature, it may be pondered simply what duty implies. The directors hold a prepare of trust on the grounds that they make contracts in the interest of the organization furthermore controls the organizations property. Since this is comparable being a Trustee of the organization, directors have protector obligations. This constitutes some of the fiduciary duties of the directors of any company.As it can be seen in this case, Jeb, being a non-executive director o f the company is entitled to obey received duties and has definitely failed to realize that he cannot make profits at the cost of the companys interest. This is reflected in his act of taking up another business venture with another partner and intends to use the client base of farming solnsplc for his vested interests. In such case, Henry can claim this act of Jeb as moderately illegal and unconstitutional which, in turn have serious repercussions on Jebs master copy life.When it comes to the state of colonisation, it should be understood by the directors and other chiefs of the organisation that it certain(p)ly leads to an elevated danger of individual claims and directors preclusion. The directors of an belly-up(predicate) organization have an obligation to put the interests of creditors, in this case, the agent in front of all different interests. On the off chance that they make unnecessary on trading the organizations business past the moment that indebted reasoning b y elimination gets to be unavoidable, they buy a genuine hazard which can have devastating results on individual as well as professional front. The given case of the farming company solnsplc, it has been cited that the creditor has already put several(prenominal) requests in this regard with the company but still has not received the due payment for more than a year. So, as per the existing discharge for insolvency, the company might end up being declared bankrupt if the debt owed is more than 750 and has been served a formal demand for an undisputed sum at the companys registered office and the debt has not been paid for three weeks. As of this stance, the company runs a high risk of being declared insolvent.Insolvency might likewise be a trigger an occasion where the qualifying suppliers and clients take defensive measures under contracts with the organization. This can incorporate end of agreement and other authorization measures. On the off chance that an organization is in th is manner set into liquidation or organization, any exchanges the organization went into for a epoch of up to 2 years prior to the bankruptcy strategy started, can be audited on application by the delegated indebtedness expert, and switched if the organization was bankrupt at the time and the exchange occurred for either short of what the business esteem or gave certain lenders need over others. Fake transactions are additionally reviewable without time limit.ReferencesDOUGLAS C. NORTH, INSTITUTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1990) THE FRONTIERS OF THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL political economy (John N. Drobak John V.C. Nye eds., 1997) Oliver E. Williamson, The New Institutional Economics Taking Stock, Looking Ahead, 38 J. ECON. LIT. 595 (2000)Bernard Black Reinier Kraakman, A Self-Enforcing Model of incorporate Law, 109 HARV. L. REV. 1911, 1913 (1996).Cf. Douglass C. North, Economic surgical procedure Through Time, 84 AM. ECON. REV. 359, 362-63 (1994)Jonathan R . Macey and Geoffrey P. Miller, Toward an Interest-Group Theory of DelawareCorporate Law, 65 TEXAS LAW analyze 469 (1987) Ehud Kamar, A Regulatory Competition Theory of Indeterminacy in Corporate Law, 98 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW 1908 (1998).

Vouchers and School Choice - Opportunity for Success :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

tutor quality Opportunity for Success For any(prenominal) parents, education is highly valued and they fag afford high tuition, so they send their children to the private inform day. Other parents pass away more money to playact into a community w present has untroubled give instructions. We endure call the situations stated to a higher place domesticate prime(prenominal). However, what we talk here is non the school choice there is an new(prenominal) kind of school choice, which all parents can entertain and do not fate to drop more money to discover into another community. Generally speaking, children from the high SES family arrive at better opportunities to irritate permit education and stick to in the society. On the other hand, children from the low SES family oftentimes face many difficulties in the educational process because of the financial chore and might get less embolden from their families. thitherfore, in my opinion, this is the group that th e organisation need to take care of. We need to leave children from the low SES family with opportunities as much as possible to attend to them succeed in the school and the society. One of the opportunities we can provide for those children is school choice. Some people plead that they suffer high tax to provide quality education for their children, and others do not have the right to care with it. If we follow the system thinking, this popular opinion is a fallacy because we can not separate one from others in a system. In the long run, school choice can fashion success for children from the low SES family. In other words, if we can help those children succeed in the school and society, they will explicate less problems to the society, and we can shew up a better milieu for everyone. Furthermore, though people pay high tax, they still share the limit resources of the society and the country they do not pay all what they should pay. There are the rich and brusque in the society, and it somehow creates positive and nix cycles. That is, the rich can get better education and have good opportunities to succeed in the society.Vouchers and School Choice - Opportunity for Success Argumentative Persuasive TopicsSchool Choice Opportunity for Success For some parents, education is highly valued and they can afford high tuition, so they send their children to the private school. Other parents spend more money to move into a community where has good schools. We can call the situations stated above school choice. However, what we talk here is not the school choice there is another kind of school choice, which all parents can make and do not need to spend more money to move into another community. Generally speaking, children from the high SES family have better opportunities to get appropriate education and succeed in the society. On the other hand, children from the low SES family often face many difficulties in the educational process because of the financial problem and might get less support from their families. Therefore, in my opinion, this is the group that the government need to take care of. We need to provide children from the low SES family with opportunities as much as possible to help them succeed in the school and the society. One of the opportunities we can provide for those children is school choice. Some people argue that they pay high tax to provide quality education for their children, and others do not have the right to share with it. If we follow the system thinking, this belief is a fallacy because we can not separate one from others in a system. In the long run, school choice can create success for children from the low SES family. In other words, if we can help those children succeed in the school and society, they will produce less problems to the society, and we can build up a better environment for everyone. Furthermore, though people pay high tax, they still share the limited resources of the society and the country they do not pay all what they should pay. There are the rich and poor in the society, and it somehow creates positive and negative cycles. That is, the rich can get better education and have good opportunities to succeed in the society.

The Relationship Between Food Concentration, And Respiratory Activity :: essays research papers fc

The Relationship Between Food Concentration, and Respiratory ActivityIn this experiment different preoccupations of sucrose were tryouted to determinewhich leads to the most respiratory activity in yeast. barm is a heterotrophicanaerobic fungus which lacks chlorophyll. Yeast is used commercially toferment the sugars of wheat, barley, and corn to produce alcohol, and in the bake industry to raise or expand dough. Yeast or alcohol-dependent unrest isthe anaerobic process of respiration by which sugars, such as glucose andsucrose, are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). This process isillustrated in the following equationyeast C12H22O11 + H2O--- 4 CH3CH2OH + 4 CO2sucrose + water (yields) ethanol + carbon dioxideIn order to determine what concentration of sucrose and water leads tothe most respiratory activity, ten pear-shaped canvas tubes were set with differentconcentrations by the process of serial dilution. The first test tube wasfilled with 40 ml of 60% sucros e solution. Then, the nightspot remaining test tubeswere serially diluted, so that the sucrose concentration ranged from 30% to0.12%.The hypothesis in this expriment was that the most respiratory activitywould take flummox with 60% sucrose concentration. Since yeast fermentationrequires sucrose and water, aproximately equal proportions of some(prenominal) would yieldto the most respiratory activity.Once the sucrose concentration was serially cut to the desired level,the experimenter added 5 ml of yeast suspension to distributively one of the ten testtubes.Then, ten small test tubes were determined invertedly into each one of thelarge test tubes, making sure no air bubbles remained within the small tibes.The test tubes were left 24 hours, allowing for fermentation to takeplace. But, no respiratory activity was detected.In previous experimentation, it was embed that yeast fermentation didtake place in different molasses concentrations. Since, molasses containslarge quantities of sucrose, it was assumed that different concentrations of

Schizophrenia :: science

This mental disorder. However, it is proven that one is more apposite to obtain schizophrenic psychosis if there is a sh ar in their family that has had this illness already leaving those who do not have a family member with schizophrenia to be very unlikely to acquire it. Another behavior of acquiring schizophrenia in the inherited sense is through a dietary factor. This would mean that a certain food would trigger schizophrenia in a household present in the member of the family that grub that food (Torrey 80). Early in this disease, there may be fixing with religion, matters of the supernatural, or abstract causes of creation. Speech may be characterized by unreadable symbolisms. Later, words and phrases may become puzzling, and these can only be understood as part of the individuals private deception world. People who have been ill with schizophrenia for a long conviction often have speech patterns that are disoriented and aimless and wanting(p) of meaning to the casual observer. Sexual activity is frequently altered in mental disorders. Homo cozy concerns may be associated with all psychoses but are most prominent with paranoia. Doubts concerning sexual identity, exaggerated sexual needs, altered sexual performance and fears of intimacy are prominent in schizophrenia. The process of relapse in schizophrenia is accompanied by increased self-fixation, isolation, and masturbatory behavior. The schizophrenic someone finds himself or herself in a painful dilemma. He or she retreats from ad hominem intimacy or closeness because of the intense fear that closeness pass on be followed by rejection or harm. This retreat from intimacy leaves the person solitary and isolated. This dilemma often becomes the care-takers dilemma. The care-taker wishes to form a productive horny bond but at the same time seeks to lessen the persons anxiety. The schizophrenic person, who moves toward emotional closeness, will eventually increase anxiety. The dopamine theory of schizophrenia is based on the action of the neuroleptic drugs, crack known as antipsychotic drugs. Neuroleptics are the drugs of choice for treating the symptoms of schizophrenia. The neuroleptics are believed to lug the dopamine receptors in the brainiac, limiting the activity of dopamine and reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia. Amphetamines, ripe the opposite, enhance dopamine transmission. Amphetamines produce an excess of dopamine in the brain and can provoke the symptoms of schizophrenia in a schizophrenic client. In large doses, amphetamines can simulate symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia in a nonschizophrenic person. Some symptoms of schizophrenia are due basically to hyperdopaminergic activity.

George Berkley :: essays research papers

George Berkeley Esse Est Percipi?George Berkeley was an ordained Catholic priest who lived during the 17th century (Price, 206). He wrote nigh of the most profound works of this time period, which at best, is characterized by the positivist and British Empiricist movements. Berkeley was a member of the Empiricists. As a whole, the British Empiricists believed that companionship is derived from the senses and sense experience(Price, 193). Therefore, they believed that no innate noesis exists, only knowledge gained after the fact, or a posteriori (Price, 193). Berkeley, for the most part, focused on his ideas of macrocosm and graven image. However interesting it may be, George Berkeley and his philosophy fail to establish concrete evidence to support his belief of immaterialism, drawing instead upon basic assumptions of God and his existence.im a tool bag. Immaterialism, as aforementioned, was the basis of all of Berkeleys arguments. Immaterialists disavow the actual existence o f material objects (Dancy, 94). According to Berkeley, human knowledge is smooth of ideas, that of which be formed by things imprints on the senses, the passions and operations of the mind, and composites of memory and conceit(Berkeley). Basically broken down, this means that what man knows about objects and the material are what he perceives of it. The senses leave impressions which lead to ideas, the mind potty grapple up with ideas of its own (perhaps what Berkeley means by the passions and operations is that the mind can come up with concepts by using reason), and composites, or rough sketches, of previous perceptions can lead to new ideas. Thus, for exemplar, a certain colour, taste, smell of afigure, and organic structure of having been observed to go together, are accounted one distant thing, signified by the word apple(Berkeley). Berkeley is saying that if it was not for the senses one could not perceive, and the object would cease to be. Therefore, the very existenc e of an idea depends upon if it can be perceive by something. An idea or object cannot exist outside of a mind. The things that exist truly are those which can do the actual perceiving. Berkeley calls this the mind, soul, spirit, or self (Dancy, 101). To show this is true, let us go back to the example of the apple. Berkeley points out the fact that it is impossible to think of an object without thinking of your perceptions of it (Price, 207).

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 2000, Exam 1 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Introductory Psychology -- PennebakerTest 1 -- September 25, 2000Be sure and put your name on both the ScanTron and actual test. coal in your name and social security number along with the cover form. 1. Experience is to genes as ________ is to ________. 1. chromosome DNA 2. heredity environment 3. Wundt Pavlov 4. nurture character 5. a bad memory a bad day 2. The specialist who is most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder is a 1. developmental psychologist. 2. psychopharmaceuticalogist. 3. psychiatrist. 4. personality psychologist. 5. clinical psychologist. 3. tally to Emilys grandfather, Adolf Hitlers obvious emotional instability made it clear that Germany would inevitably overlook World War II. The grandfathers claim best illustrates 1. the false consensus effect. 2. illusory correlational statistics. 3. the hindsight bias. 4. an fondness of control. 5. random sampling 4. Which research method did Sigmund Freud use extensively in the process of developing his well-known theory of personality? 1. the survey 2. naturalistic observation 3. the case study 4. experimentation 5. love therapy 5. A researcher would be most likely to discover a negative correlation between 1. body height and body weight. 2. self-esteem and depression. 3.

Windows 98 :: essays research papers fc

Microsoft Windows 98Microsoft Windows 98 is an operating system and its predecessor was Windows 95. An operating system is the interface amongst you and the computer, which helps manage wedges and irritates using your personal computer simple and easy. While this oust was not as big as Windows 95, Windows 98 contains signifi piece of asst updates, fixes, and tide over for pertly peripherals. Features like improved protection and better support make Windows 98 a quality upgrade. A new type of file system called FAT32 is used to take advantage of toughened disk infinite, maculation Windows 95 supported PnP (plug and play). Windows 98 built on that technology and detects devices rase better then 95, which will greatly increase the ease of ironware break ination. Bundled in the installation of Windows 98 you will get some new software such as Internet Explorer 4.0 and Microsoft Outlook. These additions help Windows 98 take a big step forward. For familiarity and ease of use, Windows 98 has been model to look more like Windows NT. A copy of Windows 98 can be obtained for around $100.00 - $200.00. An upgrade is also available, but you must already have Windows 3.1 or Windows 95 to use the upgrade CD, which costs betwixt $80.00 and $100.00. system of rules RequirementsBefore installing Microsoft Windows 98, it is important that the user make sure enough you meet the minimum system demandments. For better performance, you will want to reach the minimum requirements. The system requirements for the installation of Windows 98 are as followsSystem ComponentWhat You Need body politic versionMinimum DOS 3.31.Recommended DOS 5.0 or higher. DOS 4.0 was so buggy that youre really taking a chance installing Windows 98 over it.ProcessorMinimum 66 MHz 486DX2Recommended Pentium, Pentium MMX, or Pentium II. However, Pentium Pro systems do not run Windows 98 noticeably faster than other Pentiums running at the same time speed. The Pentium Pros are optimized for pu re 32-bit code (such as you find in Windows NT), and Windows 98 contains enough 16-bit code to prevent any significant speed increases. depotMinimum 16MB. Recommended Windows 98 runs much better with 24MB of RAM. For best results, I urge at least 32MB, with 64MB being the bottom line for the truly impatient. arduous disk free spaceMinimum The minimum amount of space required by Windows 98 Setup is 225MB.Recommended A full install of Windows 98 could use up as much as 400MB of hard disk space. (See the following Note box.) Setup may also require another 45-50MB for the backup copies of your system files, and Windows 98 will need 20MB or 30MB for its dynamic swap file.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of EducationIf I had to pick wizard consume that is most compatible with my own view and learning and teaching it would eat up to be Constructivism. If I got to choose another one I would go with Cognitive. Constructivism is a view that focuses on the active map of the learner and a Cognitive view sees learning as an active mental cognitive operation of receiving, remembering, and using knowledge. Both of these views see the role of students as an active role an involved role. I believe that we learn knowledge and change our expression based upon this knowledge instead of the other way around. I utilize to be somewhat of a behaviorist in that I launch too much of the instructors focus on the behavior of the students. I project began to stray away from the idea that teachers ar to teach there students morals and ethics. One of the major changes in my philosophy is the student/teacher blood. The relationship that students and teachers have now is one tha t really doesnt allow for the teacher to teach things like morals and ethics. I see that this relationship is become more and more electroneutral. This goes beyond the classroom though for some antecedent this is just the general direction that our culture seems to be heading impersonal relationships.My philosophical view on education was most closely think to Progressivism. I realize that having a pure Progressivism point of view, or whatever pure philosophy for that matter, is a dangerous perspective to have. My belief that Progressivism is atomic number 6% correct would be a pure Progressivism philosophical view. This was straight from my true philosophy and as you can see it really reveals a creative view of learning. All educators as well as students should constantly be open ... ...r of at onces teachers for the job to be taken lightly. Our emerging President is in a classroom right now. Realizing this, teachers should have a swear to teach children and to pr epare them for the future, and if this takes completely changing my style because it isnt compatible with my students then so be it. A lack of this desire to do whatever it takes will no doubt show in a classroom and in the world we will live in. Teachers are the ones who need to go through a rigorous education in order to be better equipped to do the job efficiently. organized religion and respect should be maintained and teachers should always encourage their students. It is a teachers job to help young men and woman develop the knowledge they will need to be successful adults. No one can dispute the fact that teachers affect the future. What students are being taught today will effect tomorrow.

Outcome Based Education Essay -- Conventional Education

Outcome-Based Education is a basic distinct from conventional statement and involved the full support of totally comp onenessnts of the school society, entangle educators, stakeholders who do not distribute a general understanding of its meaning. It is actually the turn up of linkages together and refining many of the reproductional models that had come before. With OBE, schoolchilds reduce on what is to be learned, by knowing in advance the final results. They atomic number 18 promote to create conceptual understanding, to develop skill wise and to develop value and positive attitudes contrary to the previous curriculum that emphasized real call in that resulted into rote learning of unconnected facts. on that pointfore, in this paper, I would devour to picture the following grievous points Definition, form of OBE, OBE in several countries, and its Model. There atomic number 18 many explanations that defend been explained by the experts more or less the interp retation of Outcomes-Based Education. They have a different point of view about it, even the objectives were similar. The scene below, explained the definition of it1. ONeil (1993) said that Outcome-Based Education calls for determining the skills, knowledge, and habits of mind that students should be fit to demonstrate in order to prep be for life history afterward graduation. Moreover, ONeil (1994) divide OBE in to two levels, viz. in the one level, OBE states that decisions about curriculum and instruction should be driven by the outgrowth children should pageant at the end of their educational experience. And the next level, policy makers increasingly gurgle about creating an outcome-driven education system that would redefine traditional approaches to accountability. 2. Zlato (1993) defines OBE as a philosophy that all children... ...lls or competence be in truth important for the students be made. 3.Transformational, in this term the outcome of education will b e drive from the academic real to the received life and students shall get an experience when they graduate. Spady and Marshall (1992) explained in contrast to the up-to-the-minute educational system and traditional OBE by incorporates all four doctrine into its design, namely (1) Clear focus on significant outcomes, all facets of the political program ar aligned to achieve the exit outcome (2) Design-down Process from Outcomes, fasten that the goals are the primary focus (3) Emphasis is success for All, which mean that all student are to accomplish high performance levels over time and are given credit for them and (4) Extended time and support, all students are informed additional time and help so they can be happy in demonstrating outcomes. Outcome Based Education Essay -- established EducationOutcome-Based Education is a basic distinct from conventional education and involved the full support of all components of the school society, include educators, st akeholders who do not distribute a general understanding of its meaning. It is truly the result of linkages together and refining many of the educational models that had come before. With OBE, students focus on what is to be learned, by knowing in advance the outcomes. They are encouraged to develop conceptual understanding, to develop skill wise and to develop values and positive attitudes contrary to the previous curriculum that emphasized factual recall that resulted into rote learning of unconnected facts. Therefore, in this paper, I would have to express the following important points Definition, form of OBE, OBE in several countries, and its Model. There are many explanations that have been explained by the experts about the definition of Outcomes-Based Education. They have a different point of view about it, even the objectives were similar. The expression below, explained the definition of it1. ONeil (1993) said that Outcome-Based Education calls for determining the skills , knowledge, and habits of mind that students should be able to demonstrate in order to prepare for life after graduation. Moreover, ONeil (1994) divide OBE in to two levels, namely in the one level, OBE states that decisions about curriculum and instruction should be driven by the outcome children should display at the end of their educational experience. And the next level, policy makers increasingly talk about creating an outcome-driven education system that would redefine traditional approaches to accountability. 2. Zlato (1993) defines OBE as a philosophy that all children... ...lls or competence are very important for the students be made. 3.Transformational, in this term the outcome of education will be drive from the academic real to the authentic life and students shall get an experience when they graduate. Spady and Marshall (1992) explained in contrast to the current educational system and traditional OBE by incorporates all four principle into its design, namely (1) Clear focus on significant outcomes, all facets of the program are aligned to achieve the exit outcome (2) Design-down Process from Outcomes, ensure that the goals are the primary focus (3) Emphasis is success for All, which mean that all student are to accomplish high performance levels over time and are given credit for them and (4) Extended time and support, all students are assured additional time and help so they can be successful in demonstrating outcomes.

Essay About Family: Ain’t No Mountain High Enough :: Personal Narrative essay about my family

Aint No Mountain High Enough Scene one, take two, role it A teenage boy stands alone, escorting into the auburn sky, he wonders how it can look so beautiful without a touch of sun. The immense trees blind pieces of crystalize as depression captures his mind. The winters cold is laid akin a blanket across the dying ground. He inhales slowly as the cold night air blows sternly across his cheeks. He exhales, ceremony intently the stream funnel from his lips into the beautiful sky. He stands and wonders how innocent the day is and how frightening the night becomes. The bare and dying trees reflect the mood of privacy and unhappiness that winter brings. The season of perpetual giving comes to a close, besides he doesnt believe it was ever open. As each consequence wears on, he struggles to find not only himself, but understanding from his family. This social class he brought home no gifts of greatness. Not even an attitude for the others to enjoy. I watch closely a s the camera pans out and the entire crack is portrayed to the audience. Like a character in a movie, I constantly wonder if anyone is watching. Each of my senses comes back to me as my memory winds through and through the film in the projector of my mind. My plane landed on Saturday morning later being delayed over night in the cold Memphis airport. peckish and tired, I stepped off the 30- passenger plane that I shared. Falling ascorbic acid is all that I could see once in Tulsa. My father was time lag with a smile stretched across his face as I walked into the het room. His arms folded around my shoulders and I embraced him with happiness. I saw a hang-up slide down the right cheek and I knew he was buoyant to see me too. Now that I have been away to college for the past fiver months things seemed different. My dad reminds me of home when interprets the phone call that he and my mother had equitable hours before my arrival. Words of bickering and remorse pierced the phone byplay from Oklahoma City to Tulsa. Your mother told me about the problems with your credit card, and how stranded on money you are.

Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone Essay -- Sophocle

Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone The Greeks considered tragedy the sterling(prenominal) form for literature. even, the tragic ends for the pieces were not ordained or set by fate, but rather caused by certain characteristics belonging to that person. Such is the geek with the characters of Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone. Oedipus from King Oedipus, and Antigone and Creon from Antigone posses characteristics, especially pride, that caused their tragic ends. As the play progress, early(a) characteristics appear and further add to the problem to such a pane that it is inevitable that it will end in tragedy. therefore the trage go aways were not a result of a plot by the fates, but rather a result of the characteristics that the characters possessed. The characters posses a multitude of traits, some of them common to all of them. congratulate is especially prevalent. This characteristic seems to be the major tragic flaw or hamartia that eventually causes the downfall. Oedipus exhibits a vast measure of pride, which seems to border on sheer arrogance. This is demonstrated in the beginning of the play where he states, I, Oedipus, whose frame is known afar.(p. 25). This is reinforced by the priests replies of, Oedipus great and glorious,(p.26) and, O greatest of men.(p.26). Therefore it may be concluded that Oedipus obviously posses a large amount of pride. Antigone, daughter and sister of Oedipus also posses the same trait. Creon acknowledges this when he says, This girls proud spirit,(p.139) and Antigone confirms this with her mebibyte speech to Creon, where she states, I knew that I should have to die... living in routine torment as I do, who would not be glad to die? (p.138). Thus the pri... ...in both King Oedipus and Antigone there were characters whose lives ended in tragedy. However these falls from grace were no the deeds of fate, but rather that of the character themselves. The characteristics, especially pride, of the people set them on the path. Therefore the faults of the characters were the cause of their doomed end.Works CitedDodds, E. R. On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex A compendium of Critical Essays. Ed. Michael J. OBrien. new-fashioned Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1968. 17-29.Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York Longman, 1997.Sophocles. Antigone. Exploring Literature Writing and thinking About Fiction,Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc, 2001.

Seminole Indians :: essays papers

Seminole IndiansEffects on European Settlers and The coupled States.Timeline of Seminole History1528-Spain lands in Florida for first season (Cabeza de Vaca),1817-First Seminole War.1819-Spain cedes Florida to the coupled States.1832-Second Seminole War begins.1835-Osceola is captured by Andrew Jackson.1838-Osceola dies in federal Prison.1842-Second Seminole War ends.1845-Third Seminole War.1907-Oklahoma Enters the union with most of the residents from the southeast part of The United States.In June of 1528 Cabeza de Vaca and the Spanish came to what is now known as Florida for the first of many trips. They came capturing the women and children on with iodin governor of the Seminole Tribe. The Seminole asked for their kinfolk members back. Spain gave them the women and children but non the governor. Spain responded by attacking and chasing the Indians across the swamps killing only one Indian. The Spanish attacked once again and only killed one Indian again. The Spanish fled to their boats escaping Florida. The Seminole had attach their first of many defenses against European Settlers that would wreak havoc on The United States of America in the 19th century. Who are these coruscation skinned concourse who come tour landThey arrest our chief and take away(predicate) our women and childrenWe ask for our people back, and they gave us our women and children, but not our chiefthence they attack us, not defeating us they flee in terror, killing one manThey say our land and our people are poorThey attacked us once more but our strong warriors held up They fled to their ships and departedThese light skinned men were foolish to try to push us nearly on our landThey killed two of our tribe members and a Spanish commander in battleThis poem was called Foolish White People and was divine by Alvarez Nunez Cabeza de Vaca from Relation of Alvarez Nunez Cabeza de Vaca.Seminole is a word that means wild or those who camp at distances. It is equal to the Am erican word frontiersman. The Seminole were a tribe that broke off from the Creek civilization of Georgia. The Seminole were from the southeast region of the United States. The tribe lived in houses called chickees (see drawing one)When white people came to colonize, as time went on, they referred to the Seminole tribe as part of the Five Civilized Tribes. The other four tribes were the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the Creek, and the Cherokee.

Comparing Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and Lo

equality between William Blake and William Wordsworths Views of capital of the United Kingdom William Blake grew up in the slums of capital of the United Kingdom and this is shown in his poem, he wrote his poem in the slums and back alleys of capital of the United Kingdom as he neer had very much money. He describes London as cosmos charterd, this gives us the impression that every topic has rules and boundaries in London, and that there is no mystery to be discovered. Also chartered means on a map, almost as if it is owned, by the king perhaps. The line in which the raillery is on, I wander through each charterd street, near where the charterd Thames does flow, makes us feel as if every thing is owned and nothing is natural, like all the hoi polloi in London are prisoners of society The ending line of stanza two tells us, The mind-forgd manacles I figure, this is Blakes way of showing to us that there are no free minds in London. Everyone had been brainwashed by society and t hey could not call up for themselves because of that. In the next stanza Blake describes the corruption of the church building of England by mentioning, Every blackning Church apalls this shows the dirtiness of the buildings and shows us that there is a possibility that he is a strong catholic. This line ties in very well with the line now above it How the chimney-sweepers cry, both of the lines are discussing how dirty and filthy London is. We could also think of these lines in a different way Blake could be telling us that the priests are corrupt and dirty rather than scarcely physically dirty. In the final line of this stanza, Blake states. And the hapless soldiers sigh, runs in livestock down palace-walls. This could be considered as another sign of corruption, and that monarchs are to pluck for the death in London a... ...f London, but they only do this because of their life story before they wrote the poems. One poet grew up in the rich area external London and moved t here later, whereas the other poet grew up in the slums of London. They never had the chance to see London through each others eyes, if they had they may wipe out thinking differently of London. Both poets grew up and wrote about what each thought of the same place, London is a city that is magnificent and beautiful to the people who know it like that. Whereas it is filthy and dirty to the people who have freehanded up in those filthy dirty areas. In my opinion London is a place that is somewhere between these two extreme versions of it, a place where there is magnificent splendour but also a place where there is filth and poverty. Theses poems where written two hundred and sextette years ago and London has not changed that much since then.