Politics-Administration Dichotomy: A Century Debate Essay

IntroductionOne of the most consequential theoretical constructs in habitual goernance is the governmental relation- system duality. For to a with child(p)er extent than a century, the disposal nerve duality has been one of the most disreputable Issues in the field of open regime. The regime- electric pig dichotomy has had a strange history in familiar administration. It expands and contracts, rises and falls, plainly never to go away (Svara & Overeem, 2006 121).At the heart of the mankind administration is consanguinity betwixt executive directors, on one hand, and pols and the existence on the other hand.The nature of that relationship and the proper procedure of political leaders and administrators in the administrative and political wait on have been the subject of considerable debate. In importance of the governance and administration, Waldo (1987) wroteNothing is more cardinal in thinking about public administration than the nature and interrelations o f political recognition and administration. Nor argon the nature and interrelations of political science and administration matters only for academic theorizing. What is more great in the day-today, year-to-year, decade-to-decade operation of government than the ways in which political sympathies and administration are thinkerualized, rationalized ,and related one to the other.12PH.D student of public administration, capital of Iran University, Tehran, Iran. PH.D student of public administration, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.130ADMINISTRAIE I centering in the public eye(predicate) 17/2011political relation-Administration dichotomy A Century DebateIn this clause we review history of the government-administration dichotomy in five section. First, we examine classical conceptualizations of relationship betwixt politics and administration in early authors notes such as Wilson, Goodnow and weber. We then argue that how the dichotomy pretense rise after founders by the sc ientific management and the principles of administration Movements.Then, we describe relationship among politics and administration after scientific management that in this time the politics-administration dichotomy spurned and emphasize on administrators form _or_ system of government make role, specially under the New public administration (NPA).In next section we contend that how in 80 and 90 decades insisted on interval of form _or_ system of government and administration by the New mankind circumspection (NPM) and the Reinventing organization (RG) Movements. In final section, we review new trends and views on debate that introduce the complementarily model of politics and administration.1. Early views about the politics and administration relationship Wilson, Goodnow and WeberAlthough the politics-administration dichotomy was not current as a theoretical construct until the late 1940s when it initiative became an important issue in the belles-lettres of public admini stration, most scholars now trace it to Woodrow Wilson. Wilsons es produce (1887) with title of The Study of Administration was not cited for many years after publication, however it is an poser of an stream of reformist thinking about government in the late nineteenth century.Wilson intended to shield administration from political interference, He wrote The field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics. Administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. administrative questions are not political questions. Although politics sets the t accepts for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices (Wilson, 1887 18). Wilson was concerned with both the corrupting and politicizing interference of party organizations in administrative affairs (Stillman, 1973).He was critical of the way coitus handled core legislative sours. He stated that Congress insurance policy making was haphazard and its oversight w as weak. When Wilson suggested the clearer differentiation of politics and administration, he was seeking to strengthen and send the former while protecting the latter (Svara, 1998 52). In The Study of Administration, Wilson explained the divergence of functions of Government as fol miserablesPublic administration is detailed and systematic writ of execution of public law besides the general lawsare obviously outside of and above administration. The broad plans of governmental action are not administrative the detailed execution of such plans is administrative (Wilson, 1966 372). constitution AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011131Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateHowever, Wilson originally considered politics and administration as independent, but later embraced version of the dichotomy, which assumed that politics and administration interact to improve the organic state (Martin, 1988).In this time Wilson stateed that administrators would directly interpret and respon d to public opinion. Therefore, they should be involved in the policy process and elected officials should be involved in the administrative process (Wilson, 1966 375).Wilsons change of mind displace be explained that On the one hand, He admired the administration of European countries and proposed learning from them, which would not have been possible unless administration was distinctly separate from politics. On the other hand, his ultimate concern was to promote democracy, for he believed that the function of administration was to rescue democracy from its take excesses (Yang & Holzer, 2005 113-4).Miewald (1984 25-6) contend that this view of administrators was even clearer in Wilsons later lectures that stated the real function of administration is not merely ministerial, but adaptive, guiding, courtesyary. It must accommodate and realize the law in practice. In Miewalds view, such administrators similarly were politicians and they must have the freedom to make honest deci sions. Van Riper (1984 209) asserted that Wilson can not be blame or dampen credit for originating the dichotomy.In his view, Wilson like some of his contemporaries, simply wanted to advance the adherent (not political) neutrality of the civil service. Svara (1998 52) argue that Wilsons view of the administrative function was broad and not consistent with the dichotomy model as it came to be articulated later. He refer to this Wilsons note that large powers and unhampered discretion seem to me the indispensable conditions of responsibility for administrators.The European version of the dichotomy was accepted by Frank Goodnow. In his book Politics and Administration (1900), Goodnow attacked to the decision maker, legislative, and judicial functions as three basic functions of government. Instead, he argued, there were 2 basic functions of government the expression of the popular will and the execution of that will. The three traditional powers were derived from the two functions, and each of the three branches of government combined in different measure boththe expression and the execution of the popular will. Goodnow argued that the function of politics was to express the states will and the function of administration was to execute the states will. He contented that it was analytically possible to separate administration from politics, but practically infeasible toad the two functions to one branch of government (Goodnow, 1900 9-13). Goodnow argued that certain aspects of administration were harmed by politics and should have been shielded from it.He argued political ensure over administrative functions is liableto produce inefficient administration in that it makes administrative officers feel that what is demanded of them is not so much work that will improve their own department, as compliance with the behests of the political party (Goodnow, 1900 83).132ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateSvara (1998 53) believed that in Goodnows writing there is a continuity between the political and administrative spheres, not a separation of the two, except as it applies to insulating administrative staff from partisan political inference. Because of Goodnow and other scholars at this time were interested in strengthening the relationship between administrators and elected officials rather than separating them. In sum, It should be recognized that Wilson and Goodnow aimed to rule out the spoils system by unloose administration from political intervention and establishing a merit system in its place.They limitedly opposed political appointments and patronage (Caiden, 1984 53-7 Fry, 1989 1036 Rohr, 2003 xiii-xvii Rosenbloom, 2008 58). They were more concerned with the improvement of administrative practice than with establishing a theoretical Construct (Stillman, 1973 586). In other word, the dichotomy was not merely an analytical device for them, but first of all a practical imperativ e. To Wilson and Goodnow politics bore too strong an influence on public administration.Theirs aim was to take politics out of administration (Fry,1989 1036-7). In early twentieth century, Weber to a fault arrived to a dichotomy between politics and administration, but from the opposite direction of Wilson and Goodnow. Weber argued that politics are too weak to curb administrative power, and that is the danger of Beamtenherrschaft (government by functionaries) that treat government. Therefore, he insisted that it was essential that administration stay out of politics (Weber, 1919/1968 28). In Politikals Beruf Weber leave outs a sharp line between administrators and politiciansAccording to his proper vocation, the genuine civilservantshould not engage in politics, but administer, above all impartially. Hence, he shall precisely not do what the politician, the leader as well as his following, must always and necessarily do, namely, fight. For partisanship, fight, furore are stadium are the politicians element. (Weber, 1919/1968 27-8)According to Weber, in the political controversies public administrators should operate above all impartially and remain politically neutral. In sum, It should be said that in founder s views it was partisan politics they wanted to keep apart from public administration rather than politics per se (Van Riper, 1984 209 Ranney, 1949).Overeem (2005 317) contended that in its classical conceptualizations the dichotomy between politics and administration implied a deep concern about the political neutrality of administrators. Whether attempts were do to take politics out of administration, as in the case of Wilson and Goodnow, or the other way around, as in the case of Weber, the aim was always to leave administration impartial, an outsider to political controversy.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011133Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debate2. Toward the dichotomy raise of the politics-administration dichotomyconce pt after foundersYang and Holzer (2005 114) believed that in deciphering Wilson and Goodnow, practitioners and academicians incorporated their own beliefs and reconstructed (or distorted) the two authors intentions. This misreading, they argued, is no surprise because in light of the Progressive context Openness to the separation of administration from politics was necessary if public administration was to emerge as an autonomous field, an urgent and legitimate attitude at a time when politics perversely intruded into administration, as exemplified by the spoils system.There is agreement that the idea of separation between politics and administration (Dichotomy) diverged from the earlier approaches by Wilson and Goodnow. Van Riper (1984 209) argue that Wilson and Goodnows ideas do not correspond to a dichotomy. Waldo (1948 108), Appleby (1949 16), Golembiewski (1977 9), and Caiden (1984 60) also have same views.Rabin and Bowman (1984 4) content that the distinction between politics and administration identified by Wilson and Goodnow had been reborn by thirties authors into a dichotomy. Martin demonstrates the thinking of the thirties as follows In the atmosphere provided by scientific management, amechanistic concept of public administration came to prevail widely and in important circles. Administration was separated severely from the legislative body. Politics was anathema-not the politics practiced by administrators, but the politics of the politicians (1952 667). According to Caiden (1984 60-1), in the thirties, there was a narrower conception of administration as being the management of organizations without regard to take, persons, or objectives, that is a generic science of management. Because of the purpose and methods of the two spheres were different, not only could administration be taken out of politics, but politics could be taken out of administration.Thus, the dichotomy model and the scientific practice of administration became the dominant m odes of inquiry in this time. Demir and Nyhan (2008 83) note that the politics-administration dichotomy sought to minimize politics in public administration by prescribing expertise, neutrality, and hierarchy. This tax more than of all was insisted in the thirties. Van Riper (1984 209-10) also argued thatbetween, 1910 and 1950, there did in the literature and practice of public administration a kind of distance between politics and administration.The need for a sharp division was justified to permit scientific methods to be established, and these methods both closed off administration to the untrained politician and at the same time made the administrator an expert who was above politics. In Gulicks view, the politics and administration were differentiated not in foothold of principle, but in foothold of peculiarity and the division of labor. He notedThe reason for separating politics from administration is not that their combination is a violation of a principle of government. The 134ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatereason for insisting that the elected legislative and executive officials shall not interfere with the details of administration, and that the rank and file of the permanent administrators shall be permanent and skilled and shall not meddle with politics, is that this division of work makes use of specialization and appears to give better results than a system where such a differentiation does not exist. (cited by Waldo, 1948 124)Summarizing such views, It should be said that the dichotomy model was not a direct idea identified by founders of public administration but a transformation of those ideas to make them part of the mechanistic approach that rule in the twenties and thirties. The idea of strict separation (dichotomy model) was part of scientific management and the principles of administration that abandoned starting 1940 and replaced by ideas that emphasized interaction between politics and administration.3. Interaction between policy and administrationAlthough in the thirties some of authors such as Gaus, White, and Dimock had been arguing that administrators should have a role in policymaking, but During the 1940s the dichotomy dominated the field of public administration.In the late 1940s and early 1950s, The politics-administration Dichotomy was increasingly criticized, came under attack and was rejected by many authors. Waldo (1948 128) reviewed the extensive literature of the issue and shut downd that any simple division of government into politics and administration is inadequate. He notedAs the 1930s advanced, doubt and dissent increased. In the1940s refutation and repudiation came to the fore. By the 1950s it had become common to refer to the politics administration dichotomy as an outworn if not ludicrous creed (1987 93).We can see the most criticism in Applebys work. In Policy and Administration (1949), Appleby identified politics as eitherth ing having to do with the government and everything the government does. Thus, he concluded, administration could indeed not be no part of it (1949 3). In Applebys view, it is impossible to draw a meaningful institutional distinction between politics or policy and administration.Any issue dealt with in the hierarchy of government is regarded as policy by those who operate below the level at which it is settled, and as administration by those operating above that level. If an issue becomes more controversial, it will rise in the hierarchy and, thus, will be seen as policy by a greater numerate of functionaries and as administration by a smaller number of functionaries.Appleby noted that in the perspective of an outside observer or the public administration theorist, policy and administration are treated together at every level (1949 22). Thus, whether an issue is policy or administration becomes completely relative policy and administration are only two sides of the same coin, ADMIN ISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011135Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debateand there is no use in speaking about them as two distinct governmental functions. Appleby concluded that public administration is not autonomous, exclusive or isolated but is policy making nonetheless (1949 170). He alsodid draw a horizontal line between partisan politics and other forms of politics Everything having to do with the government and everythingthe government does is political, for politics is the art and science of government. But in terms of mass, only a small part of politics is partisan (1949 153).In the 1960sthe role of administrators in political process emphasized because of governments was increasingly troubled by complex social, economic, and security problems such as civil rights and poverty. This tendency was string then din the 1970s, when the Vietnam War, Watergate, and the energy crisis all had an stupor on the balance between politics and administration.Because of the political nature of administration was in high spiritslighted, and the dichotomy denounced as false, many believed that administrators should actively apply their personal values and judgments to policy-making (Yang & Holzer, 2005 116).One of reasons for rejecting separation of politics-administration was due ethical considerations that were evident in the New Public Administration (NPA).Frederickson (1976), with aware of the need of public organizations to administrative values such as efficiency and economy, emphasized that values such as equity, ethics, responsiveness, participation, and citizenship should be considered. He argued that this democratic values should be executed by administrators as responsible individuals. Administrators for the first time were aimed to utilize their personal value judgments in public decision-making. Therefore, politics and administration could not to be separate of each other. 4.Return to the dichotomy separation of policy and administr ation Some of authors believe that in the 1980s observe a fleet to the dichotomy with emphasize on privatization, decentralization and productivity (Uveges & Keller, 1997).This return continued in the 1990s under the Reinventing Government and the New Public Management (NPM) Movements.The Reinventing Government by emphasize on need to change administrators role from rowing to steering reincarnated the dichotomy in five ways distinguishing between policy and management, extending it from the inner workings of government to the body politic, freeing administration from political controls in the form of red tape, redefining accountability, and specifying congressional action as politics and presidential action as management (Carroll, 1995).Separation policymaking of policy- death penalty also supported by the New Public Management. Hughes, one of the NPM proponents, notesPublic organizations do things governments now want to know what they do how well they do it who is in shudder and taking responsibility for results. The primary way of achieving this is to let the manager manage. Meaning that senior manager would themselves136ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatebe responsible for the achievement of results rather than being an administrator. Disaggregate anion means splitting large department into different move by setting up agencies to deliver services for a small policy department. In some ways disaggregation could be seen as a reversion to the ideas of Woodrow Wilson with anorganizational split between policy and administration in the division of policy departments and agencies (Hughes, 2003 62-5).According to Christensen and Laegreid (2001 96-101)The economic way of thinking in NPM points to an to the highest degree generally accepted axiom that it is more efficient to separate political and administrative functions than them integrated, as traditionally has been the case in most countries.The argum ent is that a division between these functions makes it clearer that they are different functions with different actors that is the politicians should set the goals and the civil servants implement the policies. They believed that One argument in favour of a sharper division between politics and administration is that an integrated solution makes politicians vulnerable to influence and pressure from civil servants, that civil servants threaten to invade the political sphere and that a stricer separation of functions makes it easier to control the civil service.TheSlogan let the managers manage, meaning discretion for managers and boards and not too much daily interference from the political leaders. The implication of this guide word is that chief executives are better at managing and therefore should be given the discretion and opportunity to do so, thereby reducing the burden on the political leadership and, finished a sharp division between politics and administration, increase political control.Christensen and Laegreid argued that through devolution and contracting, NPM has sought to separate policy-making more clearly from policy administration and implementation. Policy makers make policy and then delegate its implementation to managers and hold them accountable by contract. 5. Reconceptualization of dichotomy two dichotomiesIn recent two decades, some of authors have critic to the classical conceptualization of the politics-administration dichotomy and attempt to reconceptualize it. Montjoy and Watson (1995 232-3) Argue that some of Wilsons statements certainly do proponent a separation of politics and administration, but what would mean in practice depends upon the renderings of the key terms.They point out that Wilson actually dealt with two different types of politics, one concentrate on partisanship and patronage, the other on policy making. Wilson Clearly wished to separate patronage politics from administration and Whether he advocated a dich otomy of policy making and administration is another issue. Regardless of what he wrote in The Study of Administration, the implications of his later work are unavoidable administrators were politicians they must have the freedom to make ethical decisions.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011137Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateMontjoy and Watson believe that much of the confusion about politics and administration comes from Goodnow. They ask that was Goodnows dichotomy between politics and administration or between policy making andadministration, or were politics and policy making interchangeable for him?They scissure an interpretation of Goodnows work establish on the assumption of two dichotomies a conceptual dichotomy between policy and administration and an institutional dichotomy between politics and administration. Montjoy and Watson assert that Goodnow used both politics and policy to refer to the expression of the popular will and administration to refer to the execution of that will.They ask Does politics mean patronage or does it mean policy making, or are the three concepts indistinguishable? They argue that the answer may lie in the definition of politics that Goodnow offers in the beginning of Politics and Administration The act or vocation of guiding or influencing the policy of a government through the organization of a party among its citizens-including, therefore, not only the ethics of government, but more especially, and often to the exclusion of ethical principles, the art of influencing public opinion, attracting and marshalling voters, and obtaining and distributing public patronage, so far as the possession of offices may depend upon the political opinions or political services of individuals (Goodnow, 1900 19).Montjoy and Watson content that this statement yields two important points. First, politics is definition ally limited to that part of the policy-making process, the act or vocation of guiding or influen cing the policy of a government, which is accomplished through a particular method, the organization of a party among its citizens. Second, the application of that method explicitly includes patronage.They conceive of Goodnows expression of the public will as the entire policy-making process, including elections. Politics is that part of the process related to political parties. Therefore, they state, we are left with two dichotomies. The first is conceptual, dividing the functions of government into the expression of a will and the execution of that will. The second is operational, the doctrine that the filling of administrative offices (those primarily concerned with execution of the will) should not be used by candidates to attract support in the contest for electoral offices.another(prenominal) argument about reconceptualization of the politics-administration dichotomy has been done by Overeem. Overeem (2005 318-22) draw adisti nction between two types of politics partisan polit ics and policy politics and state that in these two different types of politics, the stakes are different. In partisan politics the stakes are the powers to make decisions (votes and offices), whereas in policy politics the stakes are the contents of those decisions.Public administrators can have an involvement in the latter, but not in the former. In brief, public administrators cannot (and should not) be excluded from the kind of politics that is inherent to policy-making, but they can (and should) be excluded from politics that has a more partisan character. Overeem explain that in its mid-twentieth century reconceptualization, the politics-administration dichotomy was not so much 138ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatethickened in its intensity as it was broadened in its scope. The Dichotomys critics suggested that its intention had been to keep administration not merely out of (partisan) politics, but out of the making of policy as well. Often, the dichotomys critics took what had been conceptualized as a contrast between politics and administration for the parallel, alternative, and occasionally synonymous dichotomy between policy and administration.Indeed, the two dichotomies were more and more taken as synonyms. Overeem conclude that public administration contrasts with two dichotomy 1) politics-administration dichotomy and 2) policyadministration dichotomy. He assert that later should be rejected but former should be accepted.6. New trends complementarity of politics and administration We will finish our argument with focus on a new model about politics and administration relationship that named the Complementarity perplex. Svara (2001 179-80) explain that the complementarity Model of politics and administration is based on the premise that elected officials and administrators join together in the common pursuit of sound governance. Complementarity entails separate move, but parts that come tog ether in a mutually supportive way.Complementarity stresses interdependence along with distinct rolescompliance along with independence respect for political control along with a commitment to shape and implement policy in ways that promote the public interest deference to elected incumbents along with bail bond to the law and support for fair electoral competition and appreciation of politics along with support for professional standards. Svara believe that Complementarity recognizes the interdependence and reciprocal influence between elected officials and administrators.Elected officials and administrators maintain distinct roles based on their unique perspectives and values and the differences in their formal positions, but the functions they perform necessarily overlap.The figure of yawl show different parts of Complementarity Model. The first part is the political dominance that results from high political control and low administrative independence is the condition that has been attacked by reformers from the Progressive Era to the present because of their concern for loss of administrative competence and the potential for political corruption. The second part is bureaucratic autonomy that is feared by critics of the administrative state, who argue that administrators are self-controlling and advance agency interests rather than the public interest.In both situations, Svara explain, either the level of control or independence is extreme, and the key reciprocating value is not present Politicians do not respect administrators, or administrators are not committed to accountability. The third part is the combination of low control and low independence, producing a live and let live attitude among officials. Svara believe that the dichotomy model, which is based on totally separate spheres, would logically fit in this category.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011139Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateElected Officialsdegree of contr olLowHighStalemate orlaissez-fair semipolitical DominanceLowComplementarityAdministratorslevel ofindependenceHighPolitical respectadministrativeCompetence andcommitmentAdministrators areCommitted toaccountability andresponsivenessBureaucraticautonomyFigure1. Understanding the interaction between Politicians and Administrator (Svara, 2001, 180)The final part that is the largest space in figure is the zone of complementarity. Svara argue that most interactions among officials reflectcomplementarity, and conclusion from local governments in 14 countries supports this generalization. Although in earlier times there was greater emphasis on subordination of administrators linked to greater reliance on hierarchy as an organizational principle, interdependence and reciprocal influence are common and longstanding.A condition that presumably was common earlier in the century, high accountability and moderate independence, would fit in the upper-left corner of the complementarity quadrant, wh ereas recent experience with moderate control and extensive administrative initiative would be in the lower-right corner. Svara assert that Complementarity Model entails ongoing interaction, reciprocal influence, and mutual deference between elected officials and administrators.Administrators help to shape policy, and they give it specific content and meaning in the process of implementation. Elected officials oversee implementation, probe specific complaints about poor performance, and attempt to correct problems with performance through fine-tuning.ConclusionsThe purpose of this article was to review literature of the politicsadministration dichotomy. In order to, the authors view about issue on different time periods was argued. The issue of politics and administration is one of the most important issues in public administration as Denhardt introduce dates one of the five main issues in public administration (Denhardt & Baker, 2007 121).Therefore, that is not to be false if we sa y that the politics-administration dichotomy is the important part of the public administration identity. Thus, awareness of its history can be effective in properly understand the field of public administration and rightly recognition its problems.There are a number of reasons why the dichotomy idea has persisted. It is convenient to explain the division of roles in terms of total separation because it is 140ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debateeasier to explain than a model based on sharing roles, particularly since the separation model does not limit the actual policy contributions of administrators in practice. At the same time, the dichotomy idea shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for unpopular decisions to administrators (Peters, 1995 177-8). In founders view of public administration, politics and administration should be separated. But, it must be identity card that their intention was to remove political interferes of public administration practices. It can be say that founders never clearly rejected the role of public administrators in policy making.They simultaneously emphasized on separation and insulation of administrators from political interference, on one hand, and interaction and incorporation of administrative contributions in the design and the implementation of public policy, on the other hand. Wilson and Goodnow as founding fathers of the field never advocated the dichotomy attributed to them (Golembiewski, 1977 Rabin and Bowman, 1984 4 Rohr, 1986 31 Van Riper, 1984 209-10), It was after them and under the scientific management and the principles of administration movements that separation policy-making of policyimplementation favored and accepted. Under this movements the strict version of separation was formed.After the classic public administration and under the new public administration approach and because of need to values such as equity, ethics, responsiveness, participation, and citizenship the role of administrators in policymaking was emphasized. In this time, Because of the political nature of administration was highlighted, and the dichotomy denounced as false, many believed that administrators should actively apply their personal values and judgments to policy-making.In 80 and 90 decades under the Reinventing Government and the New Public Management Movements observe a return to the dichotomy. Reinventing Government by introduce rowing and steering metaphor emphasized on Separation of policy-making and policy-implementation by freeingadministration from political controls and distinguishing between policy and management. NPM, also, through devolution and contracting has sought to separate policy-making more clearly from policy administration and implementation. Policy-makers make policy and then delegate its implementation to managers and hold them accountable by contract.Nowa days, it is widely regarded both unfeasible and undesirable to keep politics and administration apart and their relationship is presently depicted as complementary rather than dichotomous (Frederickson & Smith, 2003 15-40 Riggs, 1987 Svara, 1998, 1999, and 2001 Svara & Brunet, 2003). Svarapresent the idea of complementarity as a conceptual framework that includes differentiation along with interaction as an alternative to the dichotomy.The Complementarity model is based on conditions for maintaining the distinction between politics and administration, while at the same time describing how the two are intermixed and prescribing values for preserving this complex relationship.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011141Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateReferences1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.APPLEBY, P., 1949, Policy and Administration, Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press.CAIDEN, G. E., 1984, In search of an apolitical science of American publi c administration. In Politics and administration Woodrow Wilson and American public administration Rabin, J. and Bowman, J. (Eds.), (pp. 51-76). New York marcel Dekker.CARROL, L. JAMES, D., 1995, The Rhetoric of Reform and Political Reality in the National Performance limited review. 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