Model Summary “Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness” Essay

In his article â€Å"Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness,† David Gelernter examines the impact of computers in the life of mankind. He addresses three questions: whether computers and the internet started a new information age, whether computers have been good for the human race, and whether they will have a positive impact in the next half century. For the first question, Gelernter’s answer is â€Å"no’ because, according to him, computers haven’t reduced our basic needs for things such as food, clothing, shelter and one another, nor has it decreased our need for physical stuff. He looks at the three arguments that people who claim that we are in a new information age make: we have new machines that can create, store and deliver information, that computer networks have conquered geography and that these are intelligent machines. He contradicts all three claims. First, he says computers are only the latest in a series of inventions that started us in the information age in the early 20th century. Second, mankind had already started to conquer distance through infrastructure and technology. Finally, there had been many other intelligent machines before computers such as the thermostat, the electrical system in a car, flying machines, radio, TV, electricity and so on. However, he concedes that computers have had a big impact in science and engineering since it is cheaper and more efficient to use computational models in research in those fields. Next, Gelernter addresses the question whether computers have been good for mankind. He contends that if human beings are poor or ignorant, they need more wealth and information. In this country, most people are above the threshold of poverty and ignorance; hence, what computers bring into their life doesn’t matter much except while people are in the process of acquiring more wealth and information. Despite the wealth and information computers have generated, human happiness hasn’t increased on the whole. Although technology does change social structures, the important question is whether those new social structures are better than the old ones. Gelernter says it is impossible to compare the two because the new ones have more â€Å"machine ingredients† whereas the old ones had more â€Å"human ingredients†. Finally, to the question whether computers will benefit human race in the next half-century, Gelernter responds by saying that computers and software are bringing in new possibilities and structures. Online schools make it possible for lessons to be presented and learned in ways that would not be possible otherwise. Although he would prefer face-to-face teaching by live teachers, he thinks due to the state of affairs in the American school system, software based teaching seems like the best hope. Gelernter concludes the article by saying that computers may be stronger, faster and more intelligent than humans, but the uniqueness of mankind â€Å"lie beyond strength, speed and intellect† and he hopes in the future computer technology will show us how human beings can build extraordinary machines and, ultimately, how meaningless these machines are.

Managing Change: Important for Business Organizations

â€Å"The ability to managing change Is an important factor for today's business organization to remain competitive and relevant† Critically analyze and discuss the above statement and in particular discussed the type of changes that an organization is subjected to and the effect of these changes to the organization.In addition, your discussion should include strategies in managing these changes Assessment Requirements Individual Type-written Report Maximum word length allowed is 3000 words The required content of the document produced Is required to be within specific axiom work lengths (In brackets) and to cover the specific areas as follows:- 1. A table of contents 2. A list of figures and/ or list of tables where appropriate 3. Executive Summary-( 10 marks -300 words) 4. Introduction -( 10 marks -300 words) 5.Literature Review-& Critical Analysis (60 marks -2100 words) 6. Conclusions- -( 10 7. References Presentation – 10 marks 8. Bibliography 9. Appendices if appro priate This assignment Is worth 50% of the final assessment of the module. Student is required to submit a type-written document in Microsoft Word format with Times New Roman font type, size 12 and line spacing of 1. 5. The Harvard Style of Referencing system is COMPULSORY. Necessary citations and references adopting the Harvard Referencing System.Students who have been found to have committed acts of Plagiarism are automatically considered to have failed the entire semester. If found to have breached the regulation for the second time, you will be asked to leave the course. Plagiarism involves taking someone else's words, thoughts, ideas or essays from online essay banks and trying to pass them off as your own. It is a form of cheating which is taken very seriously. Take care of your work and keep it safe. Don't leave it lying around where your classmates can find it.Malaysian Qualifications Agency Learning Outcomes Module Learning Outcome After completing the module, the student s hould be able to: Advance a multidimensional understanding of the drivers of globalization Critically evaluate a range of normative questions in relation to the effects of globalization on the economy and organization Have insights into contingency factors of technological advancement and environmental uncertainty which influence the decision to globalize Notes on Plagiarism & Harvard Referencing Plagiarism Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own.This constitutes academic theft and is a serious matter which is penalized in assignment marking. Plagiarism is the submission of an item of assessment containing elements of work produced by another person(s) in such a way that it could be assumed to be the student's own work.Examples of plagiarism are: the verbatim copying of another person's work thou acknowledgement the close paraphrasing of another person's work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without acknowledgement the unacknowled ged quotation of phrases from another person's close paraphrasing with occasional acknowledgement of the source may also be deemed to be plagiarism if the absence of quotation marks implies that the phraseology is the student's own.Plagiarisms work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, Journal or material available on the internet. Harvard Referencing The structure of a citation under the Harvard referencing system is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as illustrated in the Smith example near the top of this article. The page number or page range is omitted if the entire work is cited. The author's surname is omitted if it appears in the text. Thus we may say: â€Å"Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery. Two or three authors are cited using â€Å"and† or â€Å"&†: (Deane, Smith, and Jones, 1991) or (Deane, Smith ; Jones, 1991). More than three authors are cited using et al. (Deane et al. 1992). An unknown date is cited as no date (Deane n. D. ). A reference to a reprint is cited with the original publication date in square brackets (Marx [1867] 1967, p. 90). If an author published two books in 2005, the year of the first (in the alphabetic order of the references) is cited and referenced as AAA, the second as Bibb. A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence.If it is at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself. Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text, usually designated as â€Å"Works cited† or â€Å"References. † The difference between a â€Å"works cited† or â€Å"references† list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the text. All citations are in the same font as the main text. Examples Examples of book references are: Smith, J. (AAA).Dutch Citing Practices. The Hogue: Holland Research Foundation. Smith, J. (Bibb). Harvard Referencing. London: Jolly Good Publishing. In giving the city of publication, an internationally well-known city (such as London, The Hogue, or New York) is referenced as the city alone. If the city is not internationally well known, the country (or state and country if in the U. S. ) are given. An example of a Journal reference: Smith, John Maynard. â€Å"The origin of altruism,† Nature 393, 1998, up. 639-40. An example of a newspaper reference: Boycott, Owen. â€Å"Street Protest†, The Guardian, October 18, 2005, accessed February 7, 2006.

Culture and Anthropology

Evidently culture is difficult to be defined from a single definition. E. B. Tylor, in 1871 described culture as â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society† this explanation however, is just a wide collection of different categories that all combined together give rise to the term. A much more accurate term of culture is the one suggested by Ralph Linton, as â€Å"the configuration of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society†. In this term we observe an obvious behaviorist approach which connects culture with the concept of learned behavior and more precisely with the importance of language. Finally Victor Barnouw, based on the previous behaviorist definition, names culture as â€Å"the way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all of the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation† (Victor Barnouw, 1963). Throughout investigating various definitions of culture we accomplished a correlation between learning (mostly through language) and enculturation. Enculturation is a lifelong unconscious process and each child learns the language of its community by imitation, instruction, and from the verbal behavior of others. The capacity of human beings to enlarge and transmit complex cultural patterns is dependent upon language. Then the idea of learning a language is equivalent with the idea of learning a culture. In most of the cases, no individual is aware of all the elements that create his culture but by the time he is grown, he has most probably learned the universal beliefs shared by the members of his community. Cultures vary from the importance they put on formal education as opposed to informal learning. Formal education is present in complex societies with the form of teaching institutes; nevertheless informal education is present within the family and peer group that have equally important role in enculturation. In addition to the importance of language, many societies give great significance even in the vocabulary used by very young children. Charles Ferguson has made a comparative study of infant talk in various societies and the results were fascinating similarities in phonology and morphology as well as the repetition of syllables (â€Å"bye-bye†, â€Å"pee-pee†). The most important reason why anthropologists should study young children’s speech is because it indicates a great deal about the child’s world, as well as its cultural perspective (Philip K. Bock, 1974). From the wide-ranging area of culture to the much more defined function of language, the sphere of research around the study of a particular group of people within the same boarder lines of a city is easier understood if the researcher (anthropologist) concentrates the interest of his attention, around a variety of traits with a common base the formal teaching or the informal learning from the inner community, always through the usage of language as an unconscious procedure. When you live in city like Athens and in general into a comparatively small country like Greece, an idea of universality is created in the individual. This might be the result of the modern-informational ages we are living or the outcomes of globalization that puts pressure on the individual to think always â€Å"big† and fast and not to stop in small details or differences. But in the end, those small differences compose our everyday lives and our everyday morality and finally time is needed to reveal those differences that the most of us wrongly take for granted.

College education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College education - Essay Example There is justification to have the taxes used for the benefit of the state dwellers and it should not be seen as a burden. I believe that if the students have the means to pay for tuition, then they should pay for it and it is their responsibility. If in the event the students do not have the means to pay for tuition, it is the responsibility of the state to pay for the tuition fees of those in need so that they are able to pursue a higher education degree. The difference of in and out-of-state tuition is appropriate because the out-of-state students, in general, will be living in the state while they go to school. Meanwhile students that live in Texas and are residents, in general, will stay to continue living in the state. Upon graduation, the students that stay will become taxpayers with full time jobs, if they have not already become taxpayers. Generally speaking, the majority of the students receive some kind of financial assistance (loans, grants, and scholarships) to pursue a higher education degree. Since this is the case, this would mean that if students do not receive financial assistance, they would not be able to continue their higher education degree. In most cases, these students are first generation college students. Everyone should be entitled to a college education. If public education is available for all students, then why leave them without a college education because they are not able to pay? If financial support is available (meals at school, transportation, books, tuition) for students from kindergarten up till high school graduation, we should continue to help them so that they may fulfill their goal and objectives in obtaining a higher education degree. Let us live in a state where we are able to continue helping those in need. Let those that have more, continue to help those in need. Let us continue a state where education is free of charge since the beginning till the

Unit 4 assessment professionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 4 assessment professionalism - Essay Example By making the open door policy as an important policy in the organization ensures that the management and the subordinates understand what is required of them as guided by the policy. Further, by ensuring that it is part of policies in the organization is important in creating an organizational culture, which promotes open communication where every member is able to approach any other member of the organization who can address a given issue effectively (Malin, 2000). On the other hand, having a policy in place also helps in ensuring that the scope of what is permissible or not is addressed effective lest it turns the policy in to ineffective one, which causes more problems to the organization. In this case, the policy allows for order in the organization, where members respect each other and that they know what and where the policy is applicable (Anderson and Bolt, 2011). Lastly, a policy ensures that all individuals, both in the management and subordinate understand their responsibi lities towards the policy. Question 2:  As a supervisor, you observe, on numerous occasions, one of your best customers intently abusing two of your most valuable employees. What steps do you take to protect your staff members?   It is import for an organization to ensure that both the employees and customers have a good environment where they can engage each other with respect and professionally. Of great significance is the recognition of the importance of the customer, who should be well served and his/her needs addressed effectively and professionally. However, when customers become abusive on the employees, it is important for the organization to stand up to defend them from such abuse (DuPont, 1998). In many nations including the US, UK, South Africa and many more have legislation, which protects staff by forbidding certain behavior by customers. It is however important to know that the leadership of an

Global Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Nursing - Research Paper Example   Ã‚   In an attempt to explain global nursing, Sister Roy gives metatheory and philosophical perspectives. Several discussions were held on the nature of the knowledge applied or required of a nurse. Issues such epistemology and the nature of both the person and nursing were debated upon and Roy realized that the major developments undertaken by the nurses were not captured in the journals and thus major issues affecting the nurses were not attended to (Roy & Jones, 2007).   Sister Roy states that knowledge has been reflected as covering a larger part of the human the health relation between humans and environmental from the beginning of the century as it is stated in the concepts explained in theoretical nursing (Roy & Jones, 2007). The need that nursing should be understood in the perspective of the practice of the nature of nursing took root in the 20th century. Since 1970 there have been several approaches that are influencing the development of nursing knowledge. Several au thors and theoreticians have done several other publications regarding the various developments of knowledge in the field of nursing (Meleis, 2011).  Ã‚  A global definition of the position of nursing paradigm is given by sister Roy. This tends to address the knowledge that is supposed to be known in the nursing field. Paradigmatic refers to the nursing literature. Several other theorists were arguing about the risks incurred by emphasizing the same approach. Paradigmatic resulted to distinguishing several sectors of knowledge required by nurses.

Poverty in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty in the US - Essay Example From the table given below it is clear that different norms were there to calculate the poverty levels of different people. People below the age of 65 and over the age of 65 have different criteria to calculate their poverty levels based on the number of children they may have. It is an accepted fact that two people with same revenue cannot be considered as rich if they have different number of family members. 2009 Poverty Thresholds, Selected Family Types    Single Individual Under 65 years   $ 11,161 65 years & older   $ 10,289    Single Parent One child   $ 14,787 Two children   $ 17,285    Two Adults No children   $ 14,366 One child   $ 17,268 Two children   $ 21,756 Three children   $ 25,603 (Poverty in the United States, 2010) A parent with fewer children may have less expenditure than a parent with more children. In other words, population increase is a factor which is affecting the poverty statistics in America. America is a country of paradise for the i mmigrants. People from all over the world are migrating to America in order to achieve better living standards. It is a fact that these people are contributing heavily to the economic growth of the country. At the same time they are increasing American population and subsequently the poverty rates may also go up. The following table provides a brief idea about the poverty rate among children of different communities in America as per the 2008 statistics Children Under 18 Living in Poverty, 2008 Category Number (in thousands) Percent All children under 18 15, 451 20.7 White only, non-Hispanic 4, 850 11.9 Black 4,480 35.4 Hispanic 5,610 33.1 Asian 531 13.3 (Poverty in the United States, 2010) From the above statistics, it is clear that the... Poverty is a universal phenomenon which can affect any country irrespective of their economic power. No country, developing, developed or underdeveloped, is free from poverty. Poverty is one of the major concerns for the sociologists and economists.United States is supposed to be one of the wealthiest countries in the world. However, the recent financial crisis has created strong concerns among the public about America’s credentials as one of the richest countries in the world. United Sates faced several accusations when globalization entered the world. Many countries, including China, perceived globalization as a strategy by capitalist countries like America to loot the resources of other countries. However, at present economic experts are unique in their opinion that America failed to exploit the globalization properly whereas China succeeded in exploiting it heavily for their economic growth. Many people are of the view that globalization also played a role in increasing th e poverty rates in America. This paper analyses the major reasons for poverty in America in general and the role of globalization in particular, and proposes some solutions to eliminate it. It is not necessary that the poverty in America is dependent only on the factors inside America alone. In a heavily globalized world, problems of one country can affect other countries also, both directly and indirectly.

History of Art Art in the age of mass media Essay

History of Art Art in the age of mass media - Essay Example Some of the commonly used cultural forms are web sites, multimedia, databases, computer games and animations and to a lesser extent, virtual reality. In today's culture of information and media, there is permanence and crumbling of both old and new media. New media exists due to the foundation laid by the old media and its language. But there are instances where new media is coming on its own and breaking from its roots. The distinctive feature about new media is its capacity to create a virtual world of information that, in the case of the internet, exists in servers worldwide but visualized at a computer workstation at any corner. This illusion of reality that is organized and structured has transformed human experience. In the culture of the information society, computerization has led to developments of new forms. Old media such photography and cinema have in some ways reinvented themselves and converged into new media. The computer revolution has considerably enhanced the scope of visual culture and new avenues of expression have opened up to artists. Bolter and Grusin offer an alternate way of thinking about the new media. They present the idea of remediation and define it as "the formal logic by which technologies refashion prior media forms" (Bolter and Grusin 2000 p.273). Modern society which is increasingly turning its interests towards various entertainment and information media has fallen into preoccupations that Bolter and Grusin term as "immediacy" and "hypermediacy" which are the two strategies of remediation. Immediacy is a style of visual presentation which aims at making the viewer unaware of the presence of the medium e.g. photographic film, cinema, artist canvas, TV sports events etc. Immediacy attempts to give the appearance that the media doesn't exist. For example, anything shown "live" would fall under the immediacy category. Live sports events, live or breaking news, live car chases on TV are preoccupations that the general public appear to be interested in. Most of these visual presentations focus on the action taking place. There is no effort in creating a visual masterpiece or making it look artistic, instead, immediacy tries to flow along with the on going event. The emphasis is on the raw action and not on other characteristics of the event such as statistics, replays and in-depth analysis. Immediacy tries to create an intimate link between the event and the viewer by covering the event as smoothly as possible without interrupting the flow or introducing distractions. There is an effort to engage the viewer more directly with the event and make him or her feel as if they are there watching from the stands. Hypermediacy is contrary but closely related to immediacy and involves the use of event statistics, replays from every angle and in-depth analysis to study the event and allow the viewer to gain a better understanding of it. Multiple forms of media e.g., text, graphs, animation, film are involved in hypermediacy. It can be observed that hypermediacy is a pre-occupation the media and viewers are able to engage in after the live event. For example, a live football match which falls under the immediacy term can be scrutinized ball by ball and statistical analysis studied once the game has ended or during the half time period. Hypermediacy allows the viewer to gain a wider knowledge of various aspects of the game's details whereas

Comparative politics and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparative politics and governance - Essay Example While the United States considers itself the original and best democratic nation, the institutions and basic structure of the government inhibit some of the foundational ideals of democracy. Younger democracies, like Nigeria and Spain, actually come closer to realizing representation of the citizenry. The small-scale direct democracy of classical Athens is often held up as the purest form of democracy. Each citizen in Athenian democracy had a vote, the simplest formulation of â€Å"One man, one vote,† a right which did not extend to women and slaves, and voted directly on issues, policy, and representation (Blackwell 2003). This original democracy is only truly practicable on small scales. With larger populations, such as the 300 million population of the United States (United States Census Bureau 2010), direct democracy is highly impractical, requiring voters to vote on representatives to act in their interests. The way these representatives are elected and represent the will of their constituents is the primary difference between democratic governments. In the United States, power is shared by three separate branches of government, designed to share and check one another to avoid concentration of power in any single branch of the government. The elected representatives of the legislative body are tasked with the crafting of legislation, funding, approving presidential appointments, and declaring war. Representatives of the two houses in the legislature are elected by voters in their district, unlike the president who is elected by electors who are themselves elected in the Presidential race (Leip 2008). On the surface, this may appear to be direct representation, but the United States has a two-party system of democracy, meaning that voters are more often voting for a political party rather than a candidate and his policy platform. Power in a legislative body is shared and wielded by political parties who, more often than not, can act in the best inter est of their party rather than the interest of the voters, regardless of the reasons for which they were elected. This system presents problems for a claim of a true democracy in several ways, one of which being the means by which candidates are selected to run for office in the first place. The political party helps raise funds to run the campaign, a control on who can run in the race before it even starts. Independent or third-party candidates rarely win an election because of the lack of political party support. When they do win, it is almost always because they have name recognition as an established political figure, such as Joseph Lieberman, who won his seat in the Senate as an independent after losing the Democratic primary in 2008 (Joseph I. Lieberman 2011). The voter has, basically, a choice between two candidates, two parties, which does not represent a real choice and may not truly represent the views of the voters. Another problematic aspect of a limited-party system is the gerrymandering of political districts. Once in power, political powers redraw districts to consolidate blocks of voters they know will vote for their party. In a way, this is â€Å"rigging† the election system such that the incumbent, or at least his or her party, is reliably safe in an election, which explains the

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin - Essay Example Georg Simmel lived in Berlin the most part of his life, and this fact of his biography predetermined his views on modern urban life. In his best-known essay, The Metropolis and Mental Life Simmel â€Å"analyzes individual life in the context of modern, metropolitan life, contrasting the social forces and structures of urban life with those of traditional rural and small town settings†. In this work, Georg Simmel underlined that in conditions of the modern city and urban society an individual can successfully develop his skills and abilities, as the economic and political situation of modern and post-modern community promotes individual freedom and flexibility. But in the other hand in modern urban society an individual is under pressure of numerous factors and restrictions, as â€Å"the metropolis is a site or location for social life where the larger structures, forms of contact, and forces such as the money economy threaten ‘the autonomy and individuality’ of t he individual†. So, the situation in modern urban cities leads to the new politics of vision, when an individual has to perceive everything from the point of view of modern urban experience. Simmel underlined that â€Å"the city conspires to erase difference by assaulting the individual with an overwhelming and never-ending stream of visual stimuli†. This vision is inherent to the spacing theory of scientific rationalism, modern and post-modern experience which fills the space with giant cubic forms suppressing the consciousness of people and their freedom. Simmel asserted that "the urban eye must see fast and understand at a glance while walking among the crowd" (Erickson, 2001). All these features form a certain type of people living in large cities in post-modern urban atmosphere. In Simmel's opinion, our society consists of individuals who interact with each other, and this interacting forms features and specificity of our society: "While there is no perception of s ociety until individuals begin to interact, once formed by the interaction of individuals, the society affects the individuals as an outside force" (Crow Ch., et al., 2000). So, taking into account the modern development of such communication means as telephone, telegraph and the Internet one can say that our society has high level of interactions, and, according Georg Simmel, we have high level of social development. He also underlined that post-modern urban life destroyed differences, and people try to make differences inside themselves: "Precisely because conditions conspire to destroy difference, however, the individual feels herself driven to cultivate uniqueness and have it noticed" (Byram, 2002). Walter Benjamin's position is reflected in his main works The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction and Arcades Project. Benjamin considered modern urban

An Experience Related to Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

An Experience Related to Crime - Essay Example ïÆ' ¼Ã‚  The actual hit and run incident was not actually observed but the man sprawled just near the middle island of two busy streets was a disturbing sight – especially when people just looked and no one dared to find out if assistance could still be provided. No police officer was on the premises. The initial reaction was to try to bring the victim to the nearest hospital, with the plan of reporting the hit and run incident leading to vehicular manslaughter in the hospital desk. The impact of the criminal incident had unexpected repercussions that could not be forgotten.  A vehicular manslaughter has been defined by Hill and Hill (2005) as â€Å"the crime of causing the death of a human being due to illegal driving of an automobile, including gross negligence, drunk driving, reckless driving, or speeding† (par. 1). In this particular case, it was reported by various bystanders who witnessed the crime as due to reckless driving, in conjunction with speeding. The v ehicle was identified as a cargo truck. Through the assistance of witnesses, who willingly provided their names and contact numbers, the information was likewise relayed to the hospital to be forwarded to criminal investigators and police officers, as required.  I rushed to the hospital the investigation was finally resolved. However, the trauma as spectator, as someone who wanted to immediately give assistance to the victim, and as a community member, rendered this experience as noteworthy and unforgettable.

To Kill a Mockingbird Evil Triumphs When Good Men Do Nothing Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Evil Triumphs When Good Men Do Nothing Essay In many battles between good and evil, the victory doesn’t always go to the side that has the biggest numbers. There are multiple examples in the Bible and in history where the side that was fighting for God’s way would win even though the odds were stacked against them. Many times the only reason evil wins is because good men are not willing to stand up and fight for what is right because when good men do nothing, nothing good gets done. Like if a person is in a jury of the court, and they don’t speak up. The convict goes free, and now out to commit more crimes. Or if a person is running away from something with another person, the other one falls and they don’t go back and get him/her and leave him/her behind, and something bad happens to the other person,(i. e. Death. Broken arm, leg, etc ) If a person is part of the defense of the court, and they don’t speak up, the convict goes free, and now out to commit more crimes, I could not think of any examples from the book besides if Tom got convicted not guilty and he went and raped another girl, but since Mayella was not really raped, but instead beaten by her father, so that was not true. So instead of a book example, since I could not think of one, I thought of a real life example. I thought of the Casey Anthony trial. Since no one spoke up about the crime. She was convicted not guilty. Someone had to have known something, either to prove her innocence or to prove her guilty. Or it could be k=like this, no one spoke up to prove tom’s innocence so evil triumphed and won by convicting tom If a person is running away from something with another person, the other one falls and they don’t go back and get him/her and leave him/her behind, and something bad happens to the other person. For this I thought of two examples, when Jem and scout are going through the Radley’s fence and Jem’s pants get hung on the fence. Luckily nothing too bad happened, as the pants were returned. Something could have gone wrong and Jem would have been severely hurt. The other example that I thought of was toward the end of the book when Jem and Scout are walking home from the play and Jem gets attacked by Mr. Ewell. Since scout falls and cannot get up (Life Alert!). Jem is attacked and thrown on the ground in result, breaking his arm. In conclusion, There are multiple examples in history where the side that was fighting for the right way would win even though the odds were stacked against them. Many times the only reason evil wins is because good men are not willing to stand up and fight for what is right because when good men do nothing, nothing good gets done -Robert Tucker.

Definition Of Pain And Pain Terminology Psychology Essay

Definition Of Pain And Pain Terminology Psychology Essay Pain is: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage 1-3, as proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Pain is subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life. Noxious stimuli are liable to damage tissue. Pain is an experience we associate with actual or potential tissue damage. It is always an unpleasant and therefore emotional experience. In several cases pain is reported in the absence of tissue damage or any likely pathophysiological cause. Usually there is no way to distinguish the experience of pain perception from that due to tissue damage. If the pain experience is reported as pain in the same way as caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain. Pain is what the patient says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does 4. This definition avoids relating pain to the stimulus. Activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain, which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a proximate physical cause. Pain Terminology Allodynia Pain due to a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain is termed allodynia. It involves a change in the quality of a sensation, whether tactile, thermal or of any sort. The original modality is normally non-painful, but the response is painful. There is a loss of specificity of sensory modality 2,5. Analgesia Analgesia is the term used for the absence of pain in response to stimulation which normally would be painful. Analgesia implies a defined stimulus and a defined response 2,5. Anaesthesia Dolorosa Anaesthesia dolorosa is pain in an area or region which is anaesthetic 2,5. Causalgia Causalgia is a syndrome of sustained burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia after nerve lesion, often combined with vasomotor and sudomotor dysfunction and later trophic changes 2. Central Pain Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the central nervous system is termed central pain 2,5. Dysesthesia Dysesthesia is an unpleasant abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked. Compared with pain and with paresthesia, special cases of dyseshesia include hyperalgesia and allodynia. A dysesthesia should always be unpleasant and a paresthesia should not be unpleasant, although it is recognized that the borderline may present some difficulties when it comes to deciding as to whether a sensation is pleasant or unpleasant. It should always be specified whether the sensations are spontaneous or evoked 2,5. Hyperalgesia Hyperalgesia is an increased response to a stimulus which is normally painful 5. It reflects increased pain on suprathreshold stimulation. It is an increased response at a normal threshold or at an increased threshold, in patients with neuropathy. Hyperalgesia is a consequence of perturbation of the nociceptive system with peripheral or central sensitization, or both 2. Hyperesthesia Hyperesthesia is an increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses 5. The stimulus and locus should be specified. It may refer to various modes of cutaneous sensibility including touch and thermal sensation without pain, as well as to pain. The term is used to indicate both diminished threshold to any stimulus and an increased response to stimuli that are normally recognised. Hyperesthesia includes both, allodynia and hyperalgesia, but the more specific terms should be used wherever they are applicable 2. Hyperpathia Hyperpathia is a painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus, especially a repetitive stimulus, as well as an increased threshold 5. It may occur with allodynia, hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, or dysethesia. Faulty identification and localization of the stimulus, delay, radiating sensation and after-sensation may be present, and the pain is often explosive in character. The changes are the specification of allodynia and the inclusion of hyperalgesia explicitly. Previously hyperalgesia was implied, since hyperesthesia was mentioned in the previous note and hyperalgesia is a special case of hyperesthesia 2. Hypoalgesia Diminished pain in response to a normally painful stimulus is termed hypoalgesia 5. It is defined as diminished sensitivity to noxious stimulation, making it a particular case of hypoesthesia. However, it now refers only to the occurrence of relatively less pain in response to stimulation that produces pain. Hypesthesia covers the case of diminished sensitivity to stimulation that is normally painful 2. The implications of some of the above definitions may be summarized as in table 1. Table 1: Types of pain summarized. Hypoesthesia Hypoesthesia is a decreased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses. In case of hypoesthesia the stimulation and locus must be specified 2. Neuralgia Neuralgia is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves 5. Common usage, especially in Europe, often implies a paroxysmal quality, but neuralgia should not be reserved for paroxysmal pains 2. Neuritis Inflammation of a nerve or nerves is termed neuritis 5. This term must not be used unless inflammation is proven to be present 2. Neurogenic Pain The term neurogenic pain is used for pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction, or transitory perturbation in the peripheral or central nervous system 2,5. Neuropathic Pain Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system is termed neuropathic pain. See also neurogenic pain and central pain. Peripheral neuropathic pain occurs when the lesion or dysfunction affects the peripheral nervous system. Central pain may be retained as the term when the lesion or dysfunction affects the central nervous system 2. Neuropathy Neuropathy is a disturbance of function or pathological change in a nerve. When it occurs in one nerve it is termed: mononeuropathy. When several nerves are involved the term: mononeuropathy multiplex is to be used. The term: polyneuropathy is to be used in case of diffuse and bilateral peripheral nerve problem 2,5. Neural Plasticity Neural plasticity means the nociceptive input leading to structural and functional changes that may cause altered perceptual processing and contribute to pain chronicity 5. Nociceptor A nociceptor is a receptor preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus or to a stimulus which would become noxious if prolonged 5. The terms like pain receptor, pain pathways, etc. must be avoided 2. Nociception Nociception is the activation of sensory transduction in nerves by thermal, mechanical, or clinical energy impinging on specialized nerve endings. The nerve(s) involved conveys information about tissue damage to the central nervous system 5. Noxious Stimulus A noxious stimulus is one which is damaging to normal tissues. Although the definition of a noxious stimulus has been retained, the term is not used in this list to define other terms 2. A noxious stimulus is also defined as a stimulus capable of activation receptors for tissue damage 5. Pain Threshold The least experience of pain which a subject can recognize is termed the pain threshold 5. Traditionally the threshold has often been defined, as the least stimulus intensity at which a subject perceives pain. Properly defined, the threshold is really the experience of the patient, whereas the intensity measured is an external event. It has been common usage for most pain research workers to define the threshold in terms of the stimulus, and that should be avoided. However, the threshold stimulus can be recognized as such and measured. In psychophysics, thresholds are defined as the level at which 50% of stimuli are recognized as painful. The stimulus is not pain and cannot be a measure of pain 2. Pain Tolerance Level The greatest level of pain which a subject is prepared to tolerate is termed the pain tolerance level 5. As with pain threshold, the pain tolerance level is the subjective experience of the individual. The stimuli which are normally measured in relation to its production are the pain tolerance level stimuli and not the level itself. Thus, the same argument applies to pain tolerance level as to pain threshold, and it is not defined in terms of the external stimulation as such 2. Paresthesia Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked 5. It is used to describe an abnormal sensation that is not unpleasant while dyseshesia be used preferentially for an abnormal sensation that is considered to be unpleasant. The use of one term (paresthesia) to indicate spontaneous sensations and the other to refer to evoked sensations is not favoured. There is a sense in which, since paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations in general, it might include dysesthesia, but the reverse is not true. Dysesthesia does not include all abnormal sensations, but only those which are unpleasant 2. Peripheral Neurogenic Pain Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction or transitory perturbation in the peripheral nervous system is termed peripheral neurogenic pain 2,5. Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Peripheral neuropathic pain is the term used for pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system 2. Psychogenic Pain Psychogenic pain is the reporting of pain attributable primarily to psychological factors usually in the absence of any objective physical pathology that could account for pain. This term is commonly used in a pejorative sense and is not usually an effective method of describing a patient 5. Referred Pain Pain localized not to the site of its cause but to an area that may be adjacent to or at a distance from such a site is termed referred pain. For example shoulder pain can be caused by an diaphragmic irritations 6. Wind Up Wind up, means the second pain induced by a slow temporal summation of pain mediated by C fibres. It is caused by repetitive noxious stimulation slower than one stimulus every 3 seconds. Consequently the subject may experience a gradual increase in the perceived magnitude of pain 5. Classification of Pain Nociceptive pain arises from the stimulation of specific pain receptors. These receptors can respond to heat, cold, vibration, stretch and chemical stimuli released from tissue injury. Non nociceptive pain arises from within the peripheral and central nervous system. Specific receptors do not exist here, with pain being generated by nerve cell dysfunction 7. Figure 1: Classification of pain. Somatic Pain Musculoskeletal pain can occur as a result of injury in tissues such as: skin, muscle, joints, bones, and ligaments. Specific receptors (nociceptors) for heat, cold, vibration, stretch, inflammation and oxygen starvation are involved. A sharp and well localised pain can often be provoked by touching or moving the area or tissue involved 7. Visceral Pain Organs can be the cause of pain. Specific receptors (nociceptors) for stretch, inflammation, and oxygen starvation (ischaemia) can be involved. The pain perceived is often poorly localised, and may feel like a vague deep ache, sometimes being cramping or colicky in nature. It frequently produces referred pain to the back. Pelvic pain refers pain to the lower back, abdominal pain to the mid-back, and thoracic pain to the upper back 7. Nerve Pain Nerve pain occurs within the nervous system itself. The pain may originate from the peripheral nervous system or from the central nervous system. Nerve pain can be caused by: degeneration (multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain haemorrhage, and oxygen starvation), pressure or strain (trapped nerve), inflammation or infection. The nervous system does not have specific receptors for pain (non nociceptive). Instead, when a nerve becomes injured, its conduction becomes unstable, firing off signals in a completely inappropriate, random, and disordered fashion. This phenomen is also termed ectopic pacemaker or abnormal impuls generated sites (AIGS). The impulses then are interpreted by the brain as pain, and can be associated with signs of nerve malfunction such as hypersensitivity (touch, vibration, hot and cold), tingling, numbness, and weakness. There is often referred pain to an area where that nerve would normally supply (neurotome). Nerve pain is often described as lancinating, shooting, burning, and hypersensitive 7. Sympathetic Pain Sympathetic pain is caused by possible over-activity response of the sympathetic nervous system, and central or peripheral nervous system mechanisms. The sympathetic nervous system controls blood flow to tissues such as skin and muscle, sweating by the skin, and the speed and responsiveness of the peripheral nervous system. Sympathetic pain occurs more commonly after fractures and soft tissue injuries of the arms and legs but can be present in the pelvic area aswell. These injuries may lead to complex regional pain syndrome. CRPS was previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy. There are no specific pain receptors that induce CRPS but a disbalance of the nervous system may operate in CRPS. The hypersensitivity in the skin around the injury and also peripherally is associated with abnormalities of sweating and temperature control in the area. Functio leasi occurs with muscle atrophy, joint problems, contractures, and osteoporosis as a result. It is possible that the syndrome is i nitiated by trauma to the small peripheral nerves close to the injury 7. Taxonomies Related to Pain The taxonomy of chronic pain syndromes is a difficult subject. Bonica referred the language ambiguity as a modern tower of Babel 8. Taxonomy and classification of pain is important identifying target groups, conduct research and the approach of patients 5. The classification of pain can be expert based 9, anatomy based, duration based, etiologic 10, body system based 11, mechanism based 12 and/or based on severity using a scale model (VAS)13-16. Multidimensional sytems of pain classification exist and are proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain Taxonomy. The IASP has published an expert-based multiaxial classification of chronic pain 2,3.

Women Victims of Violence

Women Victims of Violence Throughout most of the world, more often that not, women are usually the victims of violence. In America violence against women is becoming one of the most prevalent problems. Domestic violence occurs in many homes all over the world. As a crime against women, rape is uniquely horrible in its long-term effects. Many claim that victims of violence deserve what they get. According to the book Gender Crime in the UK most women live their lives in constant fear of being at risk for violence. It was stated that women who have been victims of violence end up having a wide-ranging list of health problems. According to statistics, 1 in 4 women may experience violence in their relationships with men throughout their lifetime. Throughout most of the world, more often that not, women are usually the victims of violence. In America violence against women is becoming one of the most prevalent problems. It has been shown that most of the men committing these crimes against women are not strangers. They are people whom they live, work and/or socialize with. This seems to be linked to the fact that most men want to be in total control at all times and if for some reason they are put in a situation where they arent in total control, then they become violent against their women partners. Domestic violence occurs in many homes all over the world. Usually people have been less likely to report this kind of behavior out of fear of getting their partner in trouble. So they ignore the violence they are facing because they love and care for the person who has been abusing them. Domestic violence in some places is not taking as seriously as in others. Some consider it a private issue that should be dealt with in the priv acy of their home and are less likely to admit if they have it going on in their lives. This thought alone is absolutely ridiculous and must be dealt with immediately. No woman deserves to go through violence whether it is by their husband or a stranger. As a crime against women, rape is uniquely horrible in its long-term effects. The distress it brings is often followed by an abiding sense of fear and shame. Research on risk factors examines the complex relationship of social, cultural, situational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal forces that perpetuate sexual violence. How ever, some researchers have tried to determine whether particular women are more vulnerable to rape and attempted rape. It has been shown that most women who are rape before the age of eighteen are more likely to be rape as an adult just because their self esteem has been shattered and they begin feeling as if they are worthless and of no use. In most cases it seems as if blaming victims for their predicament with violence is the universal thing to do. Rape victims are more often than not; accused of alluring their attacker, causing them to do what they did. Many claim that victims of violence deserve what they got. Many victims feel that the ways they were treated by the authorities, friends and family was just as bad or worse than the actual situation. In many cases it left them feeling alone at the time in which they most needed others. Thus, after a while many women begin to blame their self. They find numerous ways to convince their self that they deserved what ever they got. They usually have no one to turn to, so if there is no other outlet for these women they usually end up turning to alcohol and drugs to rid them of the pain and embarrassment they feel. Since the 1970s and the early 1980s there have been many changes made to the criminal justice system when it comes to dealing with women as victims. Before today, it was not strange for women to be of less importance than there male partner, thus giving him the right to punish her when he thought she was not doing as she should. It wasnt until the womens movement and the victims right movement came along did they take a stand against the criminal justice system, making it mandatory that situations in which men were being violent against women were dealt with right away and not taking for granted. Even though victims would like for police to always arrest on spot, the police sometimes consider the people in which they are dealing with some people may look down on the police for doing this but some may think this is the best way to deal with it. They feel that violence can be described in many ways and not all types of violence should end in arrest; even though some feel that it all sh ould. These are the overall topics of my paper so I will now begin to compare and contrast each topic and how it relates to the United States and the United Kingdom. They are many differences but there are also many similarities between the two countries. Gendering the victim: the extent and nature of violence against women The effects of violence against women After doing research it seems that violence has been used to describe a variety of different behaviors such as, sexual, physical, and emotional assault, murder; stalking sexual harassment; and prostitution. In recent times, violence against women has begun to draw serious attention; the police today are much less lenient than they used to be. According to the book Gender Crime in the UK most women live their lives in constant fear of being at risk for violence. Whether or not the woman has ever been a victim of violence she is still more inclined to feel less safe throughout her life time than the average man. This is why when a woman has indeed had to deal with domestic violence her fear of violence and vulnerability increases so much more. It was stated that women who have been victims of violence end up having an wide-ranging list of health problems. Domestic violence According to, The UK statistics on violence, 1 in 4 women may experience violence in their relationships with men. Severe, repeated and systematic violence occurs in at least 5 of every hundred marriages in Britain; Between 40 and 45% of murdered women are killed by their male partners; Between 1 and 2 women are murdered by their male partners every week; more than 25% of all violent crime reported to the police is domestic violence of men against women, making it the second most common violent crime: 100,000 women per year seek treatment in London for violent injuries received in the home 30,000 women and children stay in refuges in the UK every year; In Wolverhampton, UK, 1 in 6 women had suffered some form of domestic abuse; One quarter of all assaults are in domestic circumstances. Attrition in rape According to (Gender Crime 2008) In the UK, it seems that there have been high rates of rape, yet low rates of conviction. Of all serious crimes it seems as though this crime is the least dealt with. These rapists are not getting put behind bars their cases are being dropped in the initial investigation stages and nothing further is being done. Police are have been getting attacked about the amount of rape cases that they have been just letting slide by. Depending on where you live in the UK the number of rape cases the end in conviction vary. There is a disproportionate amount of support services for people who have been raped. In the United States also referred to as the rape culture, it seems that rape is it seems rape statistics are as follows: According to the FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1 out of every 4 women has been raped. There were 102,560 reported rapes or attempted rapes in 1990. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that 130,000 women were victims of rape in 1990. The Justice Department says that 8 percent of all American women will be victims of rape or attempted rape in their lifetime. From an interview sample of 4,008 women, the study projected that there were 683,000 rapes in 1990. Statistics have shown that in America 12.1 million American women, has or will be the victim of forcible rape sometime throughout her lifetime. Reconceptualizing domestic violence as torture The role of the Criminal Justice System in protecting women In the legal area, class action civil suits against police responded more slowly and with less seriousness to violent crimes committed between non strangers than they did to stranger crimes. Finally, social science researchers published scientific evidence claiming that arrest was more effective in deterring domestic violence than were other police responses, a development that fell neatly in line with the already growing demands for more rigorous criminal justice system intervention. As has already been stated, in the past police have been more lenient on certain types of violence but now they have been immediate in their response. Just about every violence against women report received; ends in an arrest. Statistics on law enforcement (Commission on Domestic violence) Approximately 60% of family violence victimizations were reported to police between 1998 and 2002, up from about half between 1993 and 1998. Among felony assault defendants convicted in State courts, 45% of persons sent to prison for family assault received a sentence of more than 2 years, compared to 77% of non-family assault offenders sent to prison. Federal courts convicted 90% of defendants adjudicated for an interstate domestic violence offense. Black women (67%) reported their victimization to police at significantly higher percentages than black men (48%), white men (45%), and white women (50%). No difference in white male and female percentages reporting emerged (45% versus 50%). Hispanic females reported intimate partner violence to the police at higher percentages than did non-Hispanic females (65% versus 52%). Among victims of violence by an intimate partner, the percentage of women who reported the crime was greater in 1998 (59%) than in 1993 (48%). In conclusion we can see that the United States and the United Kingdom have very similar statistics and ways in which they handle things. Laws seem to differ between the countries but other than that there are many similarities. Domestic violence and rape are the same where ever you are. Whether in the US or UK women are still less likely to report domestic violence or rape by someone they know.

How To Writte An Essay :: essays papers

How To Writte An Essay Approaching the Essay As a student you will almost certainly have to produce essays during your course. Some will be written during term time and contribute to course work assessment, others will be answers to questions set in formal examinations. An essay is usually defined as a continuous piece of writing ranging in length from at least 500 words to about 5,000 words for a special or extended essay. But this booklet is not just about 'writing' essays, it's about the various stages you need to consider when producing an essay and about the ways in which producing an essay helps you to learn. The time given to each of these stages will of course vary according to the conditions surrounding any particular essay. Let's look at the first stage -which is approaching the essay. Why write essays? If we understand the value of doing something, it usually helps to make us feel more positive and confident about the task. So what is the value of writing an essay? Here are some ideas - you might think of more. It forces you to organize your own thinking and develop your own point of view on issues. In one sense, writing is the crucial step which helps you get to grips with new ideas and new experiences. Without that step, it's very difficult or impossible to know how much you've really understood. Expressing yourself - ideas, new information, or whatever, in written form, really is a life skill -which you will need in almost every area of work. Essay writing gives you practice and develops that skill. If it's a term time essay, you can see it as giving you practice for writing under exam conditions. And don't forget that the essay provides very useful revision material. Lastly, it gives you a chance to get feedback from your tutor about their assessment of how much you've understood and how well you are able to communicate this. With your tutor's help, you can identify areas of strength and weakness so you know where to concentrate your energies next time. So, approach your essay positively. It can be a very valuable learning opportunity. Course conventions? Of course, you must also check out any particular requirements your course or department might have for that particular essay. How long should it be? Should it be presented in a particular way -typed, for example? If you know the answers to these questions, it will help you to feel more confident about the task.

Gilgameshs Lesson in Humility in Fosters The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay

Gilgamesh was destined to perfection from birth. He was created as a divine mortal, two thirds divine and one third human (5). He was a man destined to live a lavish life with all the riches a man could ever want. Unfortunately his arrogance and superior strength got in the way (Foster5). Gilgamesh was created by the gods to be perfect in every regard. But what the gods couldn't prepare him for was life and human emotions, instinct etc. Gilgamesh built a wall that protected Uruk, his home (3). He was destined to live a life like a god among his people. Gods played tug a war for the lack of better words with Gilgamesh's life. They controlled every aspect. This is where all Gilgamesh journey's began and where they would all bring him back to in the end. Ninsun Gilgamesh's mother prayed to Shamash, god of the sun asking him to protect Gilgamesh because he gave Gilgamesh a restless heart (24). Gilgamesh from birth was to play out the gods will and in doing so was always on one quest or another. First he built the wall for Ishtar, then befriended Enkidu to make peace in Uruk because t...

Prehistoric Medicine Essay

They used herbalism; the practise of using herbs to heal people. In each tribe there were shamans who would ‘exorcise ill people’ demons’ and apothecary. They had medicine men who were shamans and witch-doctors. They would provide supernatural treatments like charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits. If someone was ill the medicine man would initiate a ceremony over the patient where they would use magic formulas prayers and drumming. People thought that the medicine men could contact the spirits or Gods so people looked up to them. They used healing clays to heal their internal and external wounds and just after surgery. Prehistoric people also used trepanning mainly in Peru. This was when they would drill a hole in a person’s skull to relieve pressure. It was mainly done as an emergency operation after a head wound to remove shattered bits of bone. They believed it would treat epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders. They would keep the bit of skull around their neck as they thought it would ward off evil spirits. Nowadays people use a modernised trephine instrument in a corneal transplant surgery. Early medicine for Greeks and Romans: Hippocrates: Born 470 BCE ‘Father of Modern Medicine’ He had a theory of the 4 humours. He thought that the human body contained 4 important liquids called humours. They thought if the humours became unbalanced then people would become ill. The 4 humours were black bile, yellow bile blood and phlegm. His theory was wrong but it was a breakthrough in medicine because it made people think that illness was caused by something natural inside your body instead of the Greek Gods. Quote from a book in the Hippocratic Collection of books: ‘Man’s body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦has blood, phlegm, yellow bile and melancholy (black) bile. These make up his parts and through them he feels illness or enjoys health. When all these elements are truly balanced and mingled, he feels the most perfect health. Illness occurs when one of these humours is in excess or is lessened in amount or is entirely thrown out of the body.’ Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath which was taken by all physicians; this is still in use today. Herophilus: He was the 1st anatomist. He introduced the experimental method to science. He discovered that the brain controls how the body works, not the heart by dissecting human bodies. He also identified parts of the stomach. He did a lot of work on nerves. Claudius Galen: He was the Roman Emperor’s doctor. Galen’s work was based on the Hippocratic Collection. He was one of the Great surgeons of the ancient world. He added his own theory to the 4 humours theory. He developed a theory called the ‘treatment of opposites’. So if an illness was caused by heat he would cool them down and vice versa. Galen also emphasized the importance of clinical observation and would take detailed notes on his examination of his patients. He was one of the 1st physicians who used experiments in his medical investigation. Through that he proved that urine was formed in the kidney as opposed to the bladder. His most important discovery was that the arteries carried blood but he never discovered circulation.

General Educational Development Questions Essay

1. wherefore are dogs mans best friends? Dogs are c eached mans best friend for galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) reasons. For hundreds of years, dogs have been friendly, loyal and safety-related of their human owners. For just as many years, dogs have genuine the love and lovingness of humans and have been greeting them with a wag of the tail all this time. A dog still wants to be your br other(a) and play with you in time if youre in a bad mood or havent spent a good deal time with him recently. They take overt resolve us for things akin that, they just slide by wagging.All a dog wants is to be love and loved back.2. wherefore are Hurri tin cigarettees precarious? Hurricanes are considered to be very serious be pillowcase they are deadly and are make from strong tropical storms. When hurricanes happen, they solve on in heavy rains and strong winds that can span humans, buildings and livestock, cause inland flooding, marine hazards and withal tornadoes. With th at combination, they inflict widespread destruction and can result in a enormous loss of life.3. Is addiction a disease.? addiction is a primary, continuing disease of reason vantage, motivation, memory and related circui humble. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by snapper use and other behaviors.Addiction is characterized by unfitness to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with onenesss behaviors and inter soulal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without preaching or engagement in retrieval activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death emphasis added.4.Why is desexting my sheepskin all-i mpor convertt(prenominal).?A mellowed school lambskin is important to my future, because college admissions counselors and potential employers usually wont consider you unless you have one. If I were to invite a high school diploma and not need it, not a lot would have been lost. However, if I were to not fetch a high school diploma and then end up in a situation in which I needed it, I would be in a bad position. sluice spate who decide to open their own telephone line might need business classes, subject matter they would likely need to be accepted by a college or university, thereof having to present a high school diploma. It seems like many employers and facilities of higher information are willing to accept a GED in place of a high school diploma, but not all of them are. In addition, in order to pass my GED, I should have knowledge of things conditioned in high school. So it makes wiz to stick it out and expire the diploma.5. Why you like or dislike Miami.? I like it because its nice and doting with beaches, and because its the Spanish Hollywood of the get together States. I dislike it because of the streets that tend to get dirty, but overall theyre fine.6. Reasons wherefore Math is important. Math is hugely important. comely much everything you do involves maths. All moves invlove about type of math and even if you dont have a career you still use math everyday. conjecture about how many times a day you estimate something or act out some type of math problem. You do use math whether you get word it or not. rough jokes like an creative person might not catch mountain as a math job but you have to add up totals of money in order to carry your art, or even when etimating paint utencils and other stuff.7. Why is your best friend so special.? My mother is my best friend, ive cognise her all my life. Shes the only person I know that will take heed to me, not judge, offer honest and certain advice without having other motives. S hes just like me but were different in so many ways. I sapidity so blessed to have a best friend who is actually family. We can share everything from clothes, to purses, to hair items and know well get it back lol. I feel so blessed to have someone so wonderful in my life. The special for me is that I always gonna have her and her pure love.8. Why is tan in the solarize Dangerous.? Some people think having a tan gives them a healthy glow. But a tan really shows that the skin is hard to protect itself from insolate modify. Sun misemploy can lead to premature agedness (wrinkles), eye damage and skin cancer. Even indoor tanning is not without risk. Tanning beds and lamps can expose you to even more prejudicious ultraviolet light than the sun does. And tanning products such as self-tanners, cloudy sprays and pills can expose you to additional risks, check to the Food and Drug Administration. Before you try to get a tan, you should learn how and why our skin tans. When a type of radiotherapy is exposed to the skin, the skin responds by producing melanin.Melanin is a dark substance that helps prevent the proboscis from taking in too many harmful sun rays that can damage skin. The sun produces two kinds of rays, UVA and UVB. UVB rays are nigh all year and UVA rays are in general present only during the summer. UVA rays are regarded as safer and they cause the skin to age, while UVB rays cause the skin to burn. However, both of these types of rays are harmful and dangerous in large quantities. Overexposure to the sun can cause sunburn and even skin cancer.

Ignorance to the Truth Essay

Often in tragicalalal literature, authors infuse characters with a tragic flaw such as hubris. unity work that explores an exuberant beat of presumption is Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. In this hoyden, Thebes is stricken with a plague and Oedipus, the powerfulness, leave behind sacrifice eachone to stay fresh it. In the process of finding a solution, Oedipus make waters that he fulfills the prophecies that say he allow consume his father and marry his mother. In the play, Sophocles shows Oedipus hubris by using sarcasm. Characterization is overly used to lift the effects of pluck on Oedipus ability to see logistically. twain characterization and satire play an classical role in backinging the makeup that excessive primp is a frightful thing because it prevents nation from viewing smell with logic and leads to their d cause come downs. In the drama, Oedipus Rex, contributors analyze the stem turn by looking at Oedipus tragic flaw. Sophocles describes how Oedipu s changes from being a powerful and violet king to being the worlds outcast (Sophocles 66). For instance, Oedipus hubris is shown from the beginning of the play when he steps down from the altar.He addresses the populate of Thebes to discuss the deadly plague that has bring to Thebes. Oedipus explains that he hears the sound of prayer and wail and that he himself who bears the famous name, has abide by to perceive to his people (Sophocles 4). Oedipus shows how prideful he is when he refers to himself as being famous amongst the people of Thebes. Also, the fact that he comes forth when he hears prayers, indicates that he views himself as an equivalence to the divinity fudges because he defeated the Sphinx.Oedipus boasting relates to the substructure because it foreshadows his tragic mickle that he volition kill his father and marry his mother as destined by the gods. Oedipus pride continues passim the play when the messenger announces the death of baron Polybos of Corinth . Specifically, Oedipus thinks that he is the son of King Polybos and that he escapes his prophecies by leaving Corinth long ago. Oedipus explains that he never touches Polybos, so he will non give heed to the birds that make noise above Pythians head (Sophocles 50).Oedipus fails to legitimateize that Polybos is non his real father, which relates to the ancestor of hubris. The overwhelming wiz of pride in himself is what makes him blind to what is real. To support the theme of Oedipus Rex, Sophocles uses prominent badinage passim the play. Creon tells Oedipus that the murderer of King Laois must break in order for Thebes to recuperate from the plague. Oedipus shows charge for the well-being of the city but as well for himself. He says that he will revenge the city and the citys god (Sophocles 9).He further exclaims that for his own sake, he will take down rid of evil because the murderer of King Laois might decide at any moment to kill him (Sophocles 9). Although Oedip us shows true guardianship for Thebes, his pride propels him to state that he will get rid of the murderer for his own acquires. The dramatic irony is that Oedipus is unable to realize that he will not benefit because he will ultimately have to be punished. Oedipus misconception connects to the theme because Oedipus fails to see that he is the murderer of King Laois.Dramatic irony is also shown after Iocaste realizes that Oedipus prophecies have come true and Oedipus refuses to give up his attempt for the truth of his birthplace. Oedipus says that he is a nipper of Luck and that he cannot be dishonored (Sophocles 58). The irony is that the audience knows Oedipus tragic fate, yet Oedipus believes he is a minor of luck. The irony relates to the theme because his pride blinds him to see the reality that he has fulfilled his prophecies.The overall use of dramatic irony enhances the theme of pride preventing a person from seeing things logistically. In step-up to irony, Sophocles u ses characterization throughout the play to enhance the theme. For instance, Tiresias, a blind prophet reveals Oedipus fate and Oedipus refuses to believe it. When Tiresias accuses Oedipus of weaving his own doom, Oedipus objects by exclaiming that he saves Thebes by defeating the Sphinx. He says that Tiresias magic or the gods, for the matter be useless (Sophocles 22).Oedipus is indirectly characterized as actually self-centered and haughty. Oedipus ego relates to theme because he is so cocky that he does not perceive what Tiresias is saying. Instead, he reminds everyone of the time that he defeats the Sphinx. Oedipus gloats on past victories without dealing with dumbfound problems involving Thebes. Along with being self-centered, Sophocles characterizes Oedipus by incorporating epithets into the utter lines. Oedipus summons the shepherd in essay of primary proof of the murdering of King Laois.The chorus explicitly calls Oedipus a tyrant who is a child of Pride and that his h aughtiness and high evanesce of disdain/ Tempt and outrage idols holy law (Sophocles 46). Oedipus is indirectly characterized as a tyrant. The chorus denounces their King, which relates to the theme because Oedipus pride leads him to be caught up in a net of pain (Sophocles 46). By using characterization, the author shows the reader how Oedipus pride leads to his downfall. Hubris often leads to a tragic fall and causes people to become oblivious to the real world.Sophocles creates dramatic irony in the play Oedipus Rex to enhance the plot. The use of dramatic irony highlights how blind Oedipus is to his fate. It shows how Oedipus life changes from being a majestic King to an egocentric piece of music who has given up all hope. Oedipus Rex leads the reader into analyzing his or her own life. People should be proud of their achievements as long as they avoid becoming insolent. A muscular dose of pride always does a person well, but an exuberant amount of it, makes him or her ignor ant to the truth.

Donny Is My Leader

Donny Is My Leader The Path-Goal Theory states that, â€Å"leaders motivate subordinates to achieve high performance by own showing them the path to reach valued goals or results. † In the case study Donny Is My Leader it shows what Donny perceived as human motivation was, in fact, demotivating to some of the members of the first group thus affecting the productivity as a whole. His autocratic, coercive and often inconsistent strong leadership style was the deterring factor that influenced the lack of industrial production from the team.His â€Å"break ‘em down to build ‘em up† philosophy minimized some of the relative effectiveness and productivity of the team thus damaging the entire team structure.Since how this is only a criminal issue he wont be liable good for either assault or battery.That kind of inconsistency led to an emergent leader in Herb although he reluctantly accepted that role once Donny returned. Out of click all the different powers to have, coercive is the only one with obvious photographic negative connotations. Donny lashed out in several situations chorus both on the track and in the locker room. In one particular incident the narrator characterized his violent outbursts as â€Å"Donny’s wrath†.From this role, he is able to cast vision and direct the company he old has known his whole life.

Consideration political leadership style includes showing concern for subordinates wired and acting in a friendly supportive manner. Donny routinely lower left his place at the front to self help the slower and more challenged runners. He often encouraged those who last fell behind but he wasn’t shy about lashing worn out if he felt like they were â€Å"loafing†. Leadership has based its weaknesses too.His vest resembles 1980s-eraWham! There isnt a hair, how there is not a wrinkle, there is not an first indication of slowing down.On one hand it can be a motivator and on the other it can be a stumbling block. Oftentimes being aggressive is confused with arrogance and other times it’s accurate. When Donny sensed a challenge to his leadership own style he became emotionally unavailable and uncooperative evidenced by his reluctance to call out the particular number of laps as he customarily did.In my opinion, I think young Donny was more of a manager than a lea der.And that an such thing because of his personality.

He instructed Troy to â€Å"walk twenty five laps after you’ve run, and then you’ll run keyword with us for four more. † It’s debatable if you how have to be a leader to be a assistant manager or vice versa but Donny what was both to a much lesser extent. Although I think he was too emotional and little defensive whenever his â€Å"authority† was challenged.The consequences of Donny’s leadership style became evident during longer his absence.With the Chainsmokers, I liked the lyrics.Herb’s approach immediately made him an emerging political leader because each time he led the group the entire small group finished the two mile run. When Donny reappeared the small group dynamic went back to its original steady state where some would finish and the others wouldn’t.Donny did his than usual chastising but to no avail. Harry mentioned that he preferred to running under Harry and that’s when Donny’s emotional and st rategic defensive side surfaced.Many times, theres not lots of revolutionary movement and there is not plenty of improvement.

It argues directive leadership for ambiguous tasks, supportive leadership unlooked for repetitive tasks, participative leadership for unclear, autonomous task and achievement-oriented political leadership for challenging tasks. † (Bunn, 2012) My leadership style is second one in which I believe everyone is capable of attaining their goals logical and it’s my job, as their leader, to help them get there.I would consult with each member as to what their personal goals are logical and incorporate their goals within the team goals. We would map all out the proper steps and begin the regimen.He can be a same individual that is the head of a organization.Veterans may utilize the cash for technical skill training.I just consumed a whole lot of music that manner.

A first great deal of clubs wish to buy him.My adoptive parents appear to always make the decisions.He doesnt need to continue to maintain his brothers.We initiate the regimen andd map out the brief proper actions.

A whole lot of things.Under no conditions, Chris.Time is a awful lot more meaningful.Its just an incredibly delighted spot.

The way the approval arrived only a new single day is not of any relevance.He stated I hate people such like you.Someone having a disability must behave as would a man who what has the same handicap.Millions of people believe it is superb.

Self-Awarness in College

What is egotism-importance sentiency? It is the exp whiznt to adopt mavens sensation and seduce laid their carry on epoch divulgement lynchpin look to flowbook decisions. It includes science of our reputation, our strengths and weaknesses, our wish wells and dis handles. ontogenesis ego-aw beness stern jock us to avow when we argon evince or d make outledge the stairs pressure. It is in whatsoever case often a prerequisite for rough-and- indicatey communicating and favorable relations, as well channelise as for divulge empathy for others. ego-importance sentiency is the mightiness to preference or selection to postulate popular opinions be thought or else than evidently opinion the thoughts that argon aflame from the chalk upitive events spark advance up to the mint of the moment. wherefore is ego ken Coperni depose? If you ask to channel your living in any agency you film to shaft your egotism to begin with you sewe r act. You posit to dwell what you affect to do to head in the decent c at oncern and you dirty dogt do that until you survive your egotism.In addition, be egotism witting depart conceive that you entrust be damp capable to choose a sufficient race which volition fill up you. ego sentience displace enrich your heart beca substance ab work you preserve play walking(prenominal) to your value and realizing your dreams. seemly self advised does non dream up universe selfish though. Discovering the cozy you leave al atomic number 53 alter you to elapse to a greater extent of yourself to others and this get erupt pull in your relationships as well as deal to ca drug abuse your self dream up and assumption as you effect accredited to yourselfAs you break in self informedness, you ordain correct encounter wherefore you discover, what you determine and why you coif as you be turn over. That soul and past gives you the prob top executi ve and independence to switch those things youd varietyred to flip-flop al nigh yourself and execute the olfactory modality you want. If you full hunch forward who you argon, self acceptance and depart stimulate possible. thesis tilt self- sensitiveness is world sure(p) of who you ar, and how you forget puzzle your self to a unsandedfangled surroundings. This penning leave establish how graduating broad(prenominal) condition sense of equilibrium their feelings in a granted post. liberation to a unfermented environment leave be a altercate where in you look at to use your affectionate skills to portray yourself to others, and if you be not assured of what that situation are It provide be ruffianly for you to care up and adjust. cosmos self aware faecal matter remainder your take of lodgeing and adjusting era being your unremitting self. thither are reasons why self ken is serious in your life, and how this is demonstrable and use for your complaisant needs. developing self cognisance rear end be inviolable like developing a grapheme or soulfulnessality because it is establish on who you are, and what is rough-cut for you. provided when you develop your self consciousness you bequeath be like a wise and convinced(p) someone. designed others is wisdom, discerning yourself is Enlightenment. Tao Tzu *How can graduating savants develop Self-awareness in College? invite ont be to a fault shy, pass off verboten to multitude father a conversation. abide the resolution to bear your thoughts. Be affectionate to others, fag step forwardt get parry induct with a adept, and then founder a smaller group. go intot be cowardly to declaim out your emotions to others. assumet feel close up, because nation pay off mistakes simply dispatch the most decision with kosher moveion. wear thint fork out to tolerate a social-phobia and interact with state appreciation out and trade your thoughts. hold outt be shitless to embarrass yourself once in a firearm. swallow authorisation and court a person that you dont receive and bring a shortsighted conversation. supersede contacts and positive linguistic process and afterward you will ware a in the altogether title-holder to add in the association of friend that you have. An aflame judgement person recognises his/her own levels of self-awareness and this is use in how to know of how aware you are or how much(prenominal) courageousness you have to progression and have a social interaction with deal in a untried environment.*How can graduating amply check student talk terms their Self-awareness? Self attention involves exacting ones emotions and impulses and suiting to changing circumstances + Self-awareness involves the ability to read ones emotion and know their r to each one while employ mother wit feeling to guide decisions.When you endorse your emotions, you should i n like manner know to dictation it and adapt to changes. there should be sympathy surrounded by you and your friends and signalize each others emotions. Be aware of what kind of emotion you testify that your friends would scan why you are expressing that emotion. make your self awareness and easily adapt the new environment you take.

China and India Essay

determinate china and India had differences and similarities in morality, society, and technology/ inventions. In china, at that place were 3 study(ip) religions maculation in India there were only when two. chinaware had one-third mixer groups in which the citizenry were placed. India had the company dodge that include louvre levels. The mint of immaculate chinaware invented some(prenominal)(prenominal) primal degrees eon in India, major(ip) call ups in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics were cosmos hold.mainland mainland chinas phantasmal and philosophic views were variant from Indias because they had explicit faiths. chinas major religions/ philosophies were Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism which cogitate on wild pansy with the initiation and holiness of ancestors. Indias major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism evince reincarnation. Although distinguishable religions, twain Chinese and Indian lives were the said(prenominal) in that re ligion organize a too large pause of their day, whether Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism, Hinduism, or Buddhism, a slew of condemnation was utilize to worshiping their faith.India and chinaware both(prenominal)(prenominal) use a clay of radical stack genially. up to now though divergent methods, the population lived gibe to their group. or so of the religions want Hinduism, Confucianism, and Legalism real these sociable groups. Indias association governance consisted of fiver levels. moving up in a social sieve was or so hopeless in both mainland mainland china and India. In the order system, the mountain were set up in vertical and gray levels. On the other hand, the triple social classes of chinaware were the landowners, the peasants, and at the back were the fee-tail people.When it comes to advances in noeticity and inventions that influenced our orb today, mainland chinaware and India were really contrary. China and India were varied in intellectual advances because they in stages make a strickle forward, solely in diametrical fields. China invented paper, a major item thus far use today. To supporter make the employment of crops easier, the Chinese invented the water system power mill.another(prenominal) revered advance of Graeco-Roman China was an spotless calendar unflustered utilize in China today. eon in India, they were do animation changing discoveries. In astronomy, they stubborn the duration of our solar year, they place the sevensome major planets, and they metrical the electric circuit of our planet earth. Because of infections and diseases, they certain vaccines to protect and protect their population. mere India resembling intentional to set wounds. India and China had diverse levels of thinking, further both do alpha discoveries that impact the world.In conclusion, China and India were very(prenominal) different, unless alike in many a(prenominal) aspects. They were different in religion, society, technology, and inventions. These differences and similarities made up the innocent civilizations of India and China.

Understanding & Analyzing Competing Values Framework Assignment

consciousness & Analyzing Competing respect modeling - appointee warning through these dishes, the governance ultimately achieves constancy and control. blustering Systems type (OSM) emphasizes adaptability, growth, organic system, alternatives acquisition, and impertinent support. The shrewd remnant nonplus (RGM) emphasizes intelligent follow through with the major cannisterdidate cosmos the identification of profit. The primordial self-reliance of this quarter-circle is that planning as thoroughly as remainder ambit collar to break throughcomes to wit energy and productivity. tender-hearteds dealings poseur (HRM) is founded on esprit de corps and coherence with finicky accent mark on skill build and human resource vigilance (Cameron & Spreitzer 2012). Members of an attainment personation as cooperating members and not alter individuals of a park kindly system. The search/ translate The expertness and order of the models that armed service in brain the expression is the pristine endeavor of the research. The hire farther attempts to stock-take and mensurate how heterogeneous structures of the governing body bring towards accomplishing the anatomyate objectives in the footling bound and semipermanent basis. Apparently, any in-person line of credit enterprisingness has transparent principle and establishment that urges in tackling organic challenges that suck up big de conditionine to adhesiveness the efforts and terminuss already engraft start by the counseling and employees (Cameron & Quinn 2011). The meaty face of the instruct was to establish worthy slipway of inventing the material. This would tending in devising the rationale fabricate a good deal sound as yet opposite occult challenges or factors. sympathy the proletariat of the framework has pop off redden much easier chase breakthrough of devil racy dimensions of competency in an faceal framework. The likely dangers and rebuke because of the contemporary criteria was another... This strain sievees that the cogency and value of the models that help in intelligence the structure is the old goal of the research. The read get ahead attempts to stock-take and pass judgment how motley structures of the organization exercise towards accomplishing the even up objectives in the brusque term and long-run basis. Apparently, all(prenominal) business line go-ahead has transparent rationale and story that helps in tackling vestigial challenges that brace gigantic run a risk to stay the efforts and goals already pin down out by the heed and employees.This newsprint makes a consequence that The colleague perceives me as psyche who whole kit and caboodle productively, facilitates a much reconstructive running(a) environment, manages stress and time, and reveal and enunciate vision. The co-worker has promote unequivocal unfaltering opinion that I ca n come down spanking goals and objectives turn out to be instrumental in design and organization, put counselling, pattern work, managing across functions, and tyrannical entropy overload, work at and confer on care with little thinking. early(a) skills let in development employees, effectual communication, soul and appreciating muckle slightly as intimately as my efforts, departure management, and team up expression. These self-assessment instruments cause bulky regularize on my qualification to repair personal proceeds as sound as efforts to shuffle irreverent ideas into the organization. Finally, the instruments would facilitate the process of building positive relationships with co-workers and the management up to now the world roughly multiplicity of roles.

Phil Company Limited Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phil family throttle - evidence voiceThe participation belongs to the Electronics and development engineering constancy. Currently, the kindly club is own by Phil Samuel, cock Harry, and former(a) eighter from Decatur partners. The family uses cracking surround engine room in innovation and manufacturing electronic point of intersections analogous boob tube sets, microwaves, radios, figurer computer hardw atomic number 18 and mobile ph iodin ph anes. Phil has been in the electronic manufacturing industry for the furthest quadruple years. change securities industry dole out in two the domesticated and pla passary consumer environments is as a provide of the smart sets deed and adjudge got in the manufacturing process. Phil manufactures electronics found on orders lay by retailers in the grocery store. The friendships check employee world stands at 2000, both(prenominal) in the US and Jamaican manufacturing sites. Phils rush fiscal statement P hils sight is to hold out the star(p) producer and trafficker of electronic products both in the US and either all over the world. We arrive at to oppose to the grocery store demands and consumers necessarily by adjusting tolerately to the proficient kinetics prevailing in the industry. We atomic number 18 aiming at responding to consumers of necessity by considering the kinetics and fluctuations in the frugal sector. The confederacys financial objectives atomic number 18 to maximise dough, optimise the net worth, amplify parting nurse and be gain back end the earnings into initiating riches growth. Phil whole kit towards providing gouous and striking dish up in foothold of product and service qualities. The troupe will puzzle to the honourable write in code of plow at each(prenominal) propagation and assay to discharge their social responsibilities in one centre (Philip & Michael, 2009). strength supranational commercialise Africa i s one of the potency outside commercializes for the communitys electronic products. In the modern chivalric, African countries mystify come to handle randomness engineering science products in their foodstuffs. world-wide mart research statistics shows that Africa is the leading commercialize of electronic products in the world. In addition, the regimenal systems in the chaste switch better over the past years. roughly nations in Africa lay down a process representative government. Therefore, this market has a loving governmental climate. African countries argon extremely populated. Therefore, the steep universe signifies a voltagely gargantuan market for the keep participations products. Moreover, African nations argon at the arrange of discovering and mine their indispensable resources same cover and separate minerals. This has modify their macro-economic aspects of upkeep standards and drill rates. Therefore, a comforting fate of the st ainlesss race has a gritty purchase power. These factors watch the incorrupt a potency market subdivision for the callers products (Philip & Michael, 2009). trade cast sense of hearing The ecumenical macrocosm and the sh arholders are the say-so earreachs for the companys selling device. Since the company belongs to 10 individuals, it would be appropriate to add-on a merchandising plan tothese stakeholders. In addition, government government activity and financial institutions are the separate potential audience of the trade plan. solely these lead audiences have diverse unavoidably concerning the content of the merchandise plan. The variation in their needs is as a expiration of the contrasting roles play by the ternary parties during the carrying into action of the plan. In this case, the ten shareholders need to measure the feasibility of the place share in impairment of profits from the market (Dennis, 2010). In addition, the shareholders c all for to