The 42 mile run Essay Example for Free

The 42 mile run Essay The 42 mile run is from Buna to Gleivitz and it happens during the Holocaust. It appears to be inconceivable particularly since they are detainees and they are skin and bon actually. They had achieved it by being practically similar to a machine, likewise having a huge pack of individuals contributed an enormous sum. The most significant commitment was on the off chance that you had family, on the off chance that you had family you can utilize that as inspiration like Elie Wiesel the author of Night. â€Å"We were done walking; we were running. Like automatons.† said Elie Wiesel. This implies they were running precisely or like a robot. Elie stated, â€Å"I was placing one foot before the other mechanically.† This implies he wasn’t doing it intentionally his body was doing it on its on. He said that he could feel himself as two substances of his body and himself. As though his psyche and body were isolated. The intensity of the pack was solid however brimming with feeble individuals. On the off chance that it wasn’t a pack and it was only one individual it is difficult to do particularly in these conditions. In the book Elie depicts the pack as a tsunami of men. This implied there were a great many men in the pack. If you somehow happened to stop you would be murdered either by the gatekeepers or individuals from the pack stomping on you. He said his body as dashing, and the others were as well. So it resembled a pack of ponies running 42 miles. â€Å"Death folded itself over me till it smothered. It adhered to me. I felt that I could contact it. Dying, of done being, started to Fascinate me.† Elie said this, and this implies he was going to offer up, to simply quit running and either be stomped on or shot. Be that as it may, one thing halted him, his dad. In the event that it wasn’t for his dads nearness Elie would be dead. This shows in the event that you had a relative with you, at that point it would appear to be nearly as inspiration. The three things that helped the pack run the 42 miles. One was running as though a robot, being mechanical. Another The size of the pack, on the off chance that you halted you would be executed by a tsunami. What's more, the last, Family, it must be the greatest help.

Introduction to Management Essay Example for Free

Prologue to Management Essay Panera bread Ronald Shaich, CEO and seat man of Panera bread made an exceptional development in income of the organization from $350.8 million to $ 977.1 million in only 3 years from year 2000 to 2003. Anyway the development has kept easing back down from that year on so a methodology is being planned to help Panera Bread endure. The goal is to make Panera a broadly overwhelming brand by following a corporate procedure of development by the blend of organization and establishment endeavors. With an unmistakable target it would support the organization and its staff to know their objective and what they are accomplishing for. The idea is to convey against the key buyer patterns; to introduce a quick easygoing eating experience yet in addition giving assortments of new and more advantageous menus to provide food for the market portions. Enhancements are done the item as well as improving the general working frameworks, plan and genuine domains. For the company’s picture taking part in the nearby network foundation for corporate social duty. See more: presentation passage model The strategies are all franchisees are to keep similar measures for item quality, menu, site determination, and pastry kitchen cafã © development as the company’s. The organization accepted that the worker was a basic piece of fruitful item and an extraordinary organization so by entrusting the representatives to the new batter and bolster focus tasks with gifted partners and put resources into preparing projects to guarantee the quality and its activities. Suggested procedure Panera is to embrace Growth system through even combination and utilizing diversifying as its key segment to Panera’s development technique. The explanation behind proceeding with the flat incorporation is on the grounds that doesn't have the abilities to utilize full in reverse/forward reconciliation. Accordingly vertical incorporation isn't appropriate for this situation. The flat reconciliation matches with the Panera’s idea pastry kitchen bistros and it is the path for Panera to have the option to develop all the more quickly. Serious technique utilized is Differentiation, utilizing the Differentiation system; Panera will have the option to charge more significant expenses to take care of the expanding fixed expenses. Anyway with more excellent items than of inexpensive food chains’, custom-made menus, upscale dã ©cor and Panera’s pledge to client it is entirely conceivable to charge more significant expense. Upgrades ought to be made in the Human Resource office in remuneration benefits framework. Salaried staffs get item rebate, rewards, motivator projects, preparing, and representative stock proprietorship designs anyway salaried laborer ought to be compensated too through acknowledgment grant framework or giving out vouchers to the non salaried specialists. Supervisory crew The supervisory crew would be lead by all the administrators and presidents in the organization who has and broad involvement with overseeing and executing the Panera business. Predominantly to deal with all the significant segments like the Concept, Development, Joint Venture, Franchise, Supply Chain, Operating, Financial and the Administrative. II. Organization BACKGROUND Panera bread has been around from 1976. Ronald Shaich, CEO and executive of Panera bread was the individual who made the organization along with the ace pastry specialist called Shaich who consolidated fixings. The couple made the sensational development of the organization with the direction of Shaich, the income of Panera bread rose from establishment of 419 shops, the normal annualized unit volumes (AUVs) expanded from 9.1% to 12% a well yet in the back to back year the expansion delayed down from 0.2% to 0.5%. Before it turned into a fruitful organization, there was Au Bon Pain which was bought by Louis Kane in 1978. The bread shop confronted a $3 million in the red while battling with 13 stores yet 10 was closed down. Ronald Shaich came into the image when Kane was going to announce bankrupt. Shaich who possessed a pastry shop: Cookie Jar combined with Au Bon Pain in 1981 these was to help the sell in the first part of the day. The two extended the business and diminished the obligation somewhere in the range of 1981 and 1984. In 1985 Au Bon Pain turned into a spot for urban society who were worn out on inexpensive food. By 1991 Kane and Shaich took the organization open and had 200 stores and $183 million in deals. The team kept growing by purchasing over St. Louis Bread Company from Ken Rosenthal, which had 19-store pastry kitchen cafã © in St. Louis zone. While Au Bon Pain was concentrating on making St. Louis bread a national brand the extension of the urban outlet had operational issues and had an obligation of $65 million. Lacking of capital they sold Au Bon Pain and focused on Panera, which the name that was change to in May 16, 1999, being sans obligation the money permitted development of the bread shop bistro stores. III. CURRENT SITUATION III.A. CURRENT PERFORMANCE Panera has been encountering fast development under the initiative of Ronald Shaich. Under his direction, Panera ‘s all out framework wide income rose from $350.8 million to $ 977.1 million in only 3 years from year 2000 to 2003 separately. This fast development is brought about by the new unit extension of 419 bread shop bistros from 1999 to 2003. Anyway as the year cruised by, the company’s framework wide deals normal annualized unit volumes started to decrease. The development rate has eases back down for Panera. To keep developing, Panera should grow new techniques, activities and new unit development. There are 2 classes of Common Stock proprietorship in the organization: (1). Class A Stock with 28,345,754 offers exceptional and 1 vote for each offer. (2) Class B Stock with 1,761,521 offers exceptional and 3 votes for each offer. The company’s incomes were gotten from organization possessed pastry shop cafã © deals, new mixture deals to franchisees, and establishment eminences charges. The all out organization incomes rose 28.1% to $355.9million in 2003 contrasted with $ 277.8 million out of 2002. The expansion in income was because of the opening of 131 new pastry kitchen bistros in 2003. From 2002 to 2003 the pastry kitchen cafã © deals has expanded by 25.1% from $212.6 million to $265.9 million. This is because of a full year’s activity of 23 organization claimed pastry shop bistros made in 2002, the opening of 29 organization possessed bread shop bistros in 2003, and the 1.7% expansion in similar bread shop cafã © deals for 2003. III.B. Vital POSTURE †¢ Mission explanation 1. To broaden its establishment relationship past its present establishments. 2. To doing the best bread In America 3. Panera’s idea was planned around addressing the requirements and wants of purchasers, uncommonly the requirement for productive, efficient assistance and the longing for a great eating experience. †¢ Objectives 1. To make Panera a broadly prevailing brand. †¢ Strategy 1. The idea is to convey against the key customer patterns, to introduce a quick easygoing eating experience. 2. Following a corporate technique of development by the blend of organization and establishment endeavors. 3. Giving assortments of new and more advantageous menus to provide food for the market sections. 4. Testing models for item advancement. 5. Improving the general working frameworks, plan and land. 6. Taking an interest in the nearby network good cause.

Contribution of Great Philosopher Jyotirao Phule free essay sample

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was an extraordinary dissident, mastermind, social reformer, author and scholar. He contributed in flelds like training, horticulture, ladies and widow upliftment. DhananJay Keer, his biographer, specifies him as the dad of Indian social insurgency Source of Inspiration After being offended at wedding of a Brahmin companion, Jyotirao chose to challenge the rank framework. He served Shudras and ladies who were denied of every one of their privileges as individuals. Social Actlvlsm He opened young ladies school in August 1848. As no educator set out to work in a school in which untouchables were conceded as understudies, he taught his significant other, Savitrlbai, and empowered her to show the young ladies. On 24 September 1873, Jyotlrao shaped Satya Shodhak Samar. Maln target of the association was to free Shudras and Ati Shudras. Commitments in Primary Education Jyotirao was not happy with the nature of essential instruction granted. Thusly, he thought of a rundown of activities to Improve It. We will compose a custom paper test on Commitment of Great Philosopher Jyotirao Phule or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Educational program Role of Teacher 1 OF3 Wanted educational program ought to be utilitarian and viable in order to cover the necessities of the general public. Detailed the course content and included perusing, composing, accounts, general history, general topography, punctuation, rudimentary information on horticulture and a couple of exercises on moral obligations and sanitation. Educators to be appropriately prepared and confirmed. Educators should blend in with understudies unreservedly and comprehend their needs and wants. Job of Governing Body Upgraded the directing office to have better observing over these grade schools. Constrained regions to keep up all the grade schools inside their particular cutoff points. Attempted to get satisfactory awards for elementary schools from common assets. Suggested that Government ought to plan the plan of grants and prizes for the poor and meriting understudies. Questioned in vedas He was condemned in doubting in vedas. He thought about Vedas as inert dreams as unmistakably ludicrous legends. He thought about Vedas as a type of bogus cognizance. He kept up that at the foundation of all cataclysms was the visually impaired confidence that strict books were made or roused by god. All settled strict and religious classes locate this visually impaired confidence valuable for their motivations and they attempt their best to protect it. Censured position framework Phule favored British principle to the system of the Brahmins. He knew about the weaknesses of the previous and he never faltered to bring up them straightforwardly. His strategic to realize a libertarian culture where all people would appreciate freedom; Phule condemned the contemporary rulers on the off chance that he felt that their approaches conflicted with lower position, regardless of whether it was instructive arrangement. the malevolent arrangement of high class training. He whined against the legislature in dismissing the discouraged masses. End Throughout his life, Jyotirao Phule battled for the liberation of the discouraged eople and the battle, which he propelled at a youthful age finished just when he kicked the bucket on 28th November, 1890. In spite of the fact that he was frequently blamed for inciting disdain between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins, once in a while an endeavor was made to think about his blistering analysis in a wide point of view. The later ages additionally set aside impressive effort to comprehend and value the significant centrality of his undaunted embrace of the privileges of man which stayed till a mind-blowing finish a significant subject of his compositions and an objective of his activities.

Essay on Strong Marketing &Positioning Strategies Plan for Tesla Motor

Question: Compose an exposition on showcasing plan for Tesla Motor. Answer: In this examination, the showcasing plan for Tesla Motor Inc is talked about. Tesla Motor is one of the biggest vehicle producing organizations in USA and EU nations. Notwithstanding, by and by, the administration of the organization is intending to enter in to vehicle industry in Australia. This progression or methodology of the organization needs a detail investigation on the Australian market, which is done in this report. According to the examination made on the Australian vehicle industry, it has been seen that there are various approaches applied by the Australia government to control the business exercises of the car producing organizations. Be that as it may, the innovative variables are exceptionally solid in Australia. If there should arise an occurrence of Tesla, the organization has a few qualities to battle against the shortcomings and dangers. The organization needs to confront a gigantic market rivalry in the Australian market. There are numerous monster associations like Ford Australia, G M Holden and Toyota Australia those are working in the Australian market effectively. So as to contend with these organizations Tesla needs to take solid advertising and situating methodologies. Presentation This examination depends on the advertising plan for Tesla Motors. The organization is directly working in the USA and Europe markets. Notwithstanding, presently the administration of the organization is wanting to spread its business in Australia too. With the assistance of this report, the advertising arranging has been appeared by talking about changed zones identified with promoting the executives. Foundation Tesla Motors is an American organization concentrated on creating vehicles that sudden spikes in demand for electric. Tesla previously built up an incredible Sports vehicle in 2008 that was named Tesla Roadstar. It sold roughly 2400 roadstar in just about 30 nations. In 2012, it originally built up its superior electric model S that reclassified the four-wheeler vehicle idea in the advanced market. In 2014, CEO of Tesla Motors uncovered another double model of motorcar with incredible execution and plan. There are just about 5000 vehicles of Tesla out and about everywhere throughout the world. In 2015 it has dispatches Model X with high increasing speed force and three seating limit (Mangram, 2012). Crucial Tesla is to change the idea of electric motorcar and vehicles everywhere throughout the world by growing new and amazing vehicles, which runs on electric. Its vision is to create vehicles, which will assume control over the main vehicle fabricating organizations, which produces gas based vehicles. Current promoting Objectives of Tesla are as per the following: Build up its own system of conveying vehicles everywhere throughout the world. It has propelled nearby sites in Germany, Italy. There will be no sellers and no plan of commission deal. There will be no arrangement of costs and all the exchange will be directed on the web. Circumstance examination The current market circumstance of Tesla Motors can be comprehended with the assistance of different examinations like ecological, PESTEL, SWOT. If there should arise an occurrence of ecological examinations lawful and political components, improvement of advances, financial factors and changes in demography should be concentrated inside and out (Clark, Stringham Miller 2015). The different political variables that influence an electric vehicle producing organization are different important laws and guideline set by administration of Australia can antagonistically influence the assembling and appropriation of engine vehicles. Financial components remember the expansion or discouragement for the market that may influence the buying limit of the person. Segment issues show any entomb nation hindrances that may influence the showcasing of the item around the world (Motors, 2015). PESTEL investigation In PESTEL investigations different variables identifying with monetary, social, political and innovation is to be surveyed and broke down top to bottom. These are talked about underneath: Political and lawful components This factor centers around the laws of work, political solidness, ecological laws and guideline like contamination control acts, charge strategy of the administration and limitations in exchange and business. It incorporates lawful issues and guideline set by government that can influence the buy and offer of vehicles in Australia. There are different laws that permit Telsa to offer vehicles to the buyers straightforwardly (Hasan, 2013). The administration made numerous approaches to propel advances to Telsa to encourage its development. Monetary factor-In this factor the buying intensity of the purchaser is one of the most central factors that choose the companys gainfulness and profit for its speculation. Different elements like swelling, outside trade variance, changes in financing cost, cash trade rates become an unequivocal factor on the development of the organization (Rachet, 2014). The organization cost of capital and degree of profitability is subject to these elements. It should likewise know about the way that request will fall during the relapse time frame as the buying limit of the purchaser will diminish and interest for vehicles will increment during expansion as the buying limit of the shoppers will increment. Deals can likewise be profited with the expansion in rent concurrence with the shoppers (Yksel, 2012). Social and ecological Factors-Company ought to know about the climatic changes that can influence the creation and offer of the vehicle inside the nation and around the world. It must advance its new innovative approaches and know about the way that any administrative variables are not influencing the progressions made by the organization (Mkude Wimmer, 2015). It must be cognizant about the purchasers propensities in Australia and request according to their propensities. A portion of the buyer can request eco inviting items that will less effect or not influence at all nature of the organization. Organization should consider the way that now a days inclinations of individuals towards oil vehicle are diminishing. Vehicles of Telsa contribute toward zero contamination emanation (Grnig Khn, 2015). It likewise incorporates factors like appropriation old enough, disposition towards vocation, development pace of populace, cognizance towards clinical and medical problems. Innovative Factor-This is the most significant factor on which organization must concentrate fundamentally as the ongoing business sector structure is probably going to assimilate new advances. Propensities and requests of the purchasers are changing radically as they need new innovation vehicles to help their ways of life of individuals in Australia. They ought to likewise remember that there is a great deal of rivalry in the market and in the event that they can't convey new innovation vehicles in the market then other organization can without much of a stretch assume control over the market by providing new and creative innovation vehicle (Xingang, Jiaoli Bei, 2013). For this, they have to inquire about and grow new innovation by development and learning process. Telsa is additionally required to create legitimate framework for charging stations on thruways. SWOT investigation Under this heading Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat of an organization are being investigations, surveyed and concentrated inside and out that are as per the following: Quality In this point the quality of an organization are recognized and broke down inside and out. The CEO of the organization has realized that it has high qualities and its tract record it generally excellent. In the event that they can look after this, at that point their development rate will increment in not so distant future (Sevkli et al. 2012). The organization had high innovative work offices by the assistance of which it can grow fast imaginative games and extravagance vehicle. It has just built up a chain of business inside the nation and in different nations. To infiltrate in the market of Australia they need to set a vendor understanding in Australia. Tesla has just built up a completely electric vehicle and is currently famous inside the more youthful age gathering. Its ability to make vehicles that expends power as a force is the most significant quality of the organization. Despite the fact that the vehicle runs on electric, the vehicles are amazing, creative and have impeccable structure (Hollensen, 2015). The vehicles are additionally natural well disposed as they inundate less or no contamination and ensures condition. Shortcoming In this point shortcoming of the organization are talked about and broke down in detail. For the most part, shortcoming of an organization is its representatives quality, development and learning offices, and framework offices of an organization. Shortcoming of Tesla incorporates its lesser advancement of foundation for its electric vehicles; buyers don't effortlessly acknowledge its development and its costs are too high that is a motivation behind why working class individuals (Niederwieser et al. 2016). This variables should be remembered while going into the market f Australia. It needs to into account the political components of Australia that can place a few obstructions to its encouraging in Australia. Opportunity-In this point the chance of Tesla in Australian Market is examined. As the vehicles created in by Tesla in ecological cordial, it will assist with entering its market in Australia by masterminding a dissemination chain in Australia. The Standard of living of individuals in Australia is exceptionally high so it won't be an issue for Tesla to advertise its item in Australia since the costs of the vehicles of Tesla is extremely high (Ayub et al. 2013). Tesla is presently concentrating on assembling vehicles with lower cost for which it has done broad research and inventive realizing which will assist them with targeting the low-salary gathering of Australia. The Australia government can likewise bolster Tesla in advertising its item in their nation if appropriate understanding is gone into. Danger In this point the different danger looked by Tesla is examined like dangers it looked from its rivals in Australia who are as of now creating electric vehicles in Australia. The administration may force some limitation on the passageway and advertising of its item in Australia to secure its residential organizations. Different claims of Australia may confine Tesla to disseminate its item in their nation (Yuan, 2013). On the off chance that administration of Australia doesnt give any sponsorship than the cost of the ve

Small Scales Industries in Developing Nations Essay

Little Scales Industries in Developing Nations - Essay Example The United States, and numerous different nations grew up until this point, have investigated all diverts in guaranteeing that their countries depends exclusively not on outside products totally, yet made numerous roads for since numerous years have created in all division of the economy and consequently have less reliance on other country as far as bringing in enormous things, however their Industries of various bores were placed into quick turn of events. This current country's that created as far as Industrialization have started since numerous years through setting up Small Scales Industries, and from that point the changed these Industries to present day and profoundly propelled ones with present day advancements and details. These positive moved toward they appended to Small Scales Industries has made their countries financially progressed for sure. Japan is one more nation which in numerous years back was among nations that were having Small Scales Industries. In any case, as of late, the nation has accomplished altogether toward the changes of its Industrial area from Small Scales, to created industrialized country. Be that as it may, what is the verifiable idea of Small Scale Industri... Why for a long time Small Scale Industries in creating countries couldn't yield positive outcomes What are their requirements Why Small Scale Industries in creating countries as opposed to having being expanding in numbers yet continually diminishing in numbers because of terminations Who is at fault, the administration of these nations, specialists, or elites How the issues confronting Small Scale Industries in creating countries can be explained And by what means can these Industries be changed to created ones These and different inquiries will be replied in this exploration. Strategy: This will incorporate an assortment of hypotheses, ideas and thoughts on how the Small Scale Industries are set up in creating countries, with contrasts and those in created countries. These incorporate academic written in books, articles, diaries and numerous other related field which can draw out the bona fide realities on the topic. The vast majority of the exploration materials will be found in search machine, where books, diaries, meetings, articles and highlights can likewise be found. ABOUT SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING NATION Definition: (Sarbajeet K. Sen) A little scope industry has been characterized as those units that have interest in plant and apparatus of up to (Sarbajeet K. Sen) Under the medium-scale part would empower the Government and different specialists to work out clear designs for financing and advancing the enterprises falling under the class and supporting them to develop into more grounded and bigger elements over the long haul. Creating Country Entrepreneurs need little scope businesses to drive their turn of events. The USA, the best modern country on the planet, started its improvement with strength, water force and low tech gear, regularly made inside the

What Is Abstinence in Addiction Treatment

What Is Abstinence in Addiction Treatment Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Definition of Abstinence in Addiction Treatment By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 20, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 25, 2019 Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Abstinence is a term used in the addictions field to describe the process of abstainingâ€"meaning avoiding, or not engaging inâ€"certain potentially addictive substances or behaviors. If an individual does not engage in the addictive behavior at all, either indefinitely or for a short period of time, that person is said to be abstinent or abstaining, for example, He was abstinent from alcohol for 6 months. Abstinence can also be a goal, for example, She intends to abstain from sexual activity until she is married, or a philosophy, for example, AA is an abstinence-based approach to recovery from alcoholism. Controversy About Abstinence Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was the first program focused specifically on treating addiction, and complete abstinence from alcohol was the cornerstone of the approach. Therefore, abstinence has a long history of being an entrenched concept required for recovery. Those who developed the AA 12 step program genuinely believed that alcoholism was a disease people were born with, not that it develops in response to exposure to alcohol, and therefore, that any drinking was  a complete failure on the part of the alcoholic. Abstinence is a rigid, all-or-nothing approach, so much so, that it is considered by some factions of the addictions field to be unworkable for many people who want to overcome addictive behavior. Some experts also believe that abstinence is unnecessary, and some people are able to go from drinking excessively to drinking in moderation. This has set up a dichotomy between approaches to treatment that require abstinence, and those that do not. People working in the field, and people who seek help with addictive behaviors, are often pressured to take sides, and state whether they believe in abstinence or harm reduction  as if the approaches are mutually exclusive. For example, 12-step programs require abstinence, whereas motivational interviewing does not. Abstinence from alcohol involves completely avoiding intake of any alcohol and contrasts with controlled drinking that might help an alcohol addict to become a moderate and non-problematic drinker. This also means that for someone to overcome a problem with drinking too much, they have to go through alcohol withdrawal, which can range from unpleasant to life-threatening. In contrast, a harm reduction approach allows people to gradually reduce the number of drinks they consume each day, without requiring the withdrawal syndrome. Create New Habits With the Right Addiction Recovery Program Similarly, methadone maintenance treatment may or may not require abstinence from heroin or other opiate drugs, but as an opiate drug itself, people on methadone are often perceived not to be abstinent, and may, therefore find themselves excluded from abstinence-based programs. This can be very frustrating for people who have tried multiple times to withdraw from heroin but have relapsed. These are the people most likely to be stabilized on methadone prior to going into psychological treatment. Some professionals have a more balanced and evidence-informed approach to treatment. Harm reduction approaches may be most effective for many people, while complete abstinence may be the best solution for others. For those whose health has been severely compromised through alcohol and drug use, abstinence may be advisable, as further exposure to alcohol or drugs could be life-threatening, or abstinence may half progression of a condition that may become life-threatening if the person consumes alcohol or drugs. In these circumstances, the decision to become abstinent is individual and evidence-based, not a dogmatic one-size-fits-all philosophy. Why Early Abstinence Can Be the Hardest Stage of Recovery Problems With Abstinence From Normal Behaviors With the growing recognition of behavioral addictions, abstinence-based approaches are increasingly seen as unworkable. For example, everyone needs to eat, so abstinence from food is not possibleâ€"although some who are particularly attached to abstinence-based approaches hold that certain foods should be completely avoided. Exercise addiction, sex addiction, and shopping addiction are very difficult to treat with abstinence-based approaches. However, even among advocates of moderation and controlled approaches, it is acknowledged that abstinence has its place for certain people who are prone to relapse, for whom any addictive behavior would be harmful, or for certain stages in the process of recovery. Complete Abstinence May Be Necessary Some addictive behaviors, such as sexually abusive behavior or the use of inhalants, are so harmful that controlled behavior is not possible or advisable under any circumstances, and complete abstinence is necessary. Maintaining Abstinence During Recovery

What Is Abstinence in Addiction Treatment

What Is Abstinence in Addiction Treatment Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Definition of Abstinence in Addiction Treatment By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 20, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 25, 2019 Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Abstinence is a term used in the addictions field to describe the process of abstainingâ€"meaning avoiding, or not engaging inâ€"certain potentially addictive substances or behaviors. If an individual does not engage in the addictive behavior at all, either indefinitely or for a short period of time, that person is said to be abstinent or abstaining, for example, He was abstinent from alcohol for 6 months. Abstinence can also be a goal, for example, She intends to abstain from sexual activity until she is married, or a philosophy, for example, AA is an abstinence-based approach to recovery from alcoholism. Controversy About Abstinence Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was the first program focused specifically on treating addiction, and complete abstinence from alcohol was the cornerstone of the approach. Therefore, abstinence has a long history of being an entrenched concept required for recovery. Those who developed the AA 12 step program genuinely believed that alcoholism was a disease people were born with, not that it develops in response to exposure to alcohol, and therefore, that any drinking was  a complete failure on the part of the alcoholic. Abstinence is a rigid, all-or-nothing approach, so much so, that it is considered by some factions of the addictions field to be unworkable for many people who want to overcome addictive behavior. Some experts also believe that abstinence is unnecessary, and some people are able to go from drinking excessively to drinking in moderation. This has set up a dichotomy between approaches to treatment that require abstinence, and those that do not. People working in the field, and people who seek help with addictive behaviors, are often pressured to take sides, and state whether they believe in abstinence or harm reduction  as if the approaches are mutually exclusive. For example, 12-step programs require abstinence, whereas motivational interviewing does not. Abstinence from alcohol involves completely avoiding intake of any alcohol and contrasts with controlled drinking that might help an alcohol addict to become a moderate and non-problematic drinker. This also means that for someone to overcome a problem with drinking too much, they have to go through alcohol withdrawal, which can range from unpleasant to life-threatening. In contrast, a harm reduction approach allows people to gradually reduce the number of drinks they consume each day, without requiring the withdrawal syndrome. Create New Habits With the Right Addiction Recovery Program Similarly, methadone maintenance treatment may or may not require abstinence from heroin or other opiate drugs, but as an opiate drug itself, people on methadone are often perceived not to be abstinent, and may, therefore find themselves excluded from abstinence-based programs. This can be very frustrating for people who have tried multiple times to withdraw from heroin but have relapsed. These are the people most likely to be stabilized on methadone prior to going into psychological treatment. Some professionals have a more balanced and evidence-informed approach to treatment. Harm reduction approaches may be most effective for many people, while complete abstinence may be the best solution for others. For those whose health has been severely compromised through alcohol and drug use, abstinence may be advisable, as further exposure to alcohol or drugs could be life-threatening, or abstinence may half progression of a condition that may become life-threatening if the person consumes alcohol or drugs. In these circumstances, the decision to become abstinent is individual and evidence-based, not a dogmatic one-size-fits-all philosophy. Why Early Abstinence Can Be the Hardest Stage of Recovery Problems With Abstinence From Normal Behaviors With the growing recognition of behavioral addictions, abstinence-based approaches are increasingly seen as unworkable. For example, everyone needs to eat, so abstinence from food is not possibleâ€"although some who are particularly attached to abstinence-based approaches hold that certain foods should be completely avoided. Exercise addiction, sex addiction, and shopping addiction are very difficult to treat with abstinence-based approaches. However, even among advocates of moderation and controlled approaches, it is acknowledged that abstinence has its place for certain people who are prone to relapse, for whom any addictive behavior would be harmful, or for certain stages in the process of recovery. Complete Abstinence May Be Necessary Some addictive behaviors, such as sexually abusive behavior or the use of inhalants, are so harmful that controlled behavior is not possible or advisable under any circumstances, and complete abstinence is necessary. Maintaining Abstinence During Recovery